https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/187913/1/1-s2.0-S2352484717302962-main.pdf

Enhancing PV modules efficiency and power output using multi-concept cooling technique

Biomarkers can be assessed for diagnostic, therapy-related or prognostic methods to identify phenotypes, such as a condition or disease, or the stage or progression of a disease. Circulating biomarkers from a bodily fluid can be used in profiling of physiological states or determining phenotypes. These include nucleic acids, protein, and circulating structures such as vesicles. Biomarkers can be used for theranostic purposes to select candidate treatment regimens for diseases, conditions, disease stages, and stages of a condition, and can also be used to determine treatment efficacy. The biomarkers can be circulating biomarkers, including vesicles and microRNA.

Biomarkers for theranostics

A variety of elastomeric-based microfluidic devices and methods for using and manufacturing such devices are provided. Certain of the devices have arrays of reaction sites to facilitate high throughput analyses. Some devices also include reaction sites located at the end of blind channels at which reagents have been previously deposited during manufacture. The reagents become suspended once sample is introduced into the reaction site. The devices can be utilized with a variety of heating devices and thus can be used in a variety of analyses requiring temperature control, including thermocycling applications such as nucleic acid amplification reactions, genotyping and gene expression analyses.

Microfluidic devices and methods of using same

Solar photovoltaic (PV) is a commercially proven technology to generate electricity directly from the Sun. However, the major limitation of PV technology is its lower efficiency and higher cost as compared to conventional power generation techniques. These problems can be overcome by concentrating photovoltaic (CPV), which is the fastest growing technology due to its lower cost and higher electrical conversion efficiency (of about 40%). Nevertheless, with the increase in the concentration ratio (CR), the solar cell temperature increases, results in decrease in its efficiency and lifespan. This problem of rise in temperature can be overcome by using a proper cooling technology. In this paper review work of various cooling technologies available for CPV systems has been presented. Cooling technology should be reliable, maintain low and uniform cell temperature, easy to operate and efficient in nature.

Historical and recent development of concentrating photovoltaic cooling technologies

Recent developments of lightweight, high performance heat pipes

The invention is a very flexible heat pipe which is constructed of multiple layers of material laminated into the final structure. The center of the symmetrical structure is a coarse screen which creates a vapor space. The layers on either side of the screen are copper felt pads, and the outer casing is two layers of metal foil and a layer of polypropylene. The heat pipe constructed in this manner is so a flexible that when one outside surface is covered with adhesive, the heat pipe can essentially be used as tape or a stick-on heat transfer surface which conforms to a body being cooled.

Flexible heat pipe

Heat sinks having a mounting surface with a coefficient of thermal expansion matching that of silicon are disclosed. Heat pipes having layered composite or integral composite low coefficient of expansion heat sinks are disclosed that can be mounted directly to silicon semiconductor devices.

CTE-matched heat pipe

Concentrating photovoltaic systems (CPV) utilize low cost optical elements such as Fresnel lens or mini-reflecting mirrors to concentrate the solar intensity to 200 to 1000 suns. The concentrated solar energy is delivered to the solar cell at up to 20 to 100 W/cm. A portion of the energy is converted to electricity, while the remainder must be removed as waste heat. Solar cell cooling must be an integral part of the CPV design, since lower cell temperatures result in higher conversion efficiencies. A heat pipe cooling system was developed to passively remove the high heat flux waste heat at the CPV cell, and reject the heat to ambient through natural convection. With a heat flux of 40 W/cm, the heat pipe heat sink rejected the heat to the environment by natural convection, with a total cell-toambient temperature rise of only 40°C. In contrast, the ∆T between the cell and ambient would be over 110°C using natural convection from the backplate.

Heat Pipe Cooling of Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems

This paper describes the development of flexible heat pipe cold plate (FHPCP) technology for aircraft thermal control. Four different FHPCP's were constructed for a variety of difficult aircraft cooling problems. This included an electronics package embedded in a moving actuator, and a new digital computer installed in a fighter aircraft upgrade. In each application, a cold plate transfers the electronics' heat to the most convenient heat sink by an integrally connected flexible heat pipe. The heat pipe is flexible to allow relative motion between the package to be cooled and the heat sink. It also allows cooling to be provided to surfaces in awkward locations relative to the heat sink. The connections to the heat sink can be anything from convective air cooled fins to solid plates bolted on the aircraft's structure. The cold plates were designated to be installed in the gravity-assisted orientation, but the incorporation of a high performance wick structure allows operation in mild against-gravity conditions. 5 refs.

Flexible Heat Pipe Cold Plates for Aircraft Thermal Control

The apparatus is a capillary loop evaporator in which the vapor space is the internal volume of a cup shaped evaporator wick with sidewalls in full contact with the outer casing of the evaporator. Liquid is furnished to the wick through thicker wick wall sections, slabs protruding from the liquid-vapor barrier wick, eccentric wick cross sections, or tunnel arteries. The tunnel arteries can also be formed within heat flow reducing ridges protruding into the vapor space. The tunnel arteries can be fed liquid by bayonet tubes or cable arteries, and can be isolated from the heat source with regions of finer wick to impede vapor flow into the liquid. Tunnel arteries also enable separation of the evaporator and the reservoir for thermal isolation and structural flexibility. A wick within the reservoir aids collection of liquid in low gravity applications.

Evaporator for capillary loop

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