The present paper reviews existing knowledge with regard to Organic Aerosol (OA) of importance for global climate modelling and defines critical gaps needed to reduce the involved uncertainties. All pieces required for the representation of OA in a global climate model are sketched out with special attention to Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA): The emission estimates of primary carbonaceous particles and SOA precursor gases are summarized. The up-to-date understanding of the chemical formation and transformation of condensable organic material is outlined. Knowledge on the hygroscopicity of OA and measurements of optical properties of the organic aerosol constituents are summarized. The mechanisms of interactions of OA with clouds and dry and wet removal processes parameterisations in global models are outlined. This information is synthesized to provide a continuous analysis of the flow from the emitted material to the atmosphere up to the point of the climate impact of the produced organic aerosol. The sources of uncertainties at each step of this process are highlighted as areas that require further studies.

/pdf/organic-aerosol-and-global-climate-modelling-a-review-4ojfzx6x50.pdf

Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review

http://joenschem.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/atkinson2000r.93190106.pdf

Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx

Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds

Mohamed Abdallah, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom Geza Benke, Monash University, Australia Mark F. Cesta, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA Melissa Friesen, National Cancer Institute, USA Dori Germolec, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA Keith Houck, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA Gaku Ichihara, Tokyo University of Science, Japan Charles William Jameson, CWJ Consulting, LLC, USA Jun Kanno, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Japan Hans Kromhout, Utrecht University, The Netherlands M. Matilde Marques, University of Lisbon Igor Pogribny, National Center for Toxicological Research, USA Consolato Maria Sergi, University of Alberta, Canada Camilla Svendsen, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway

IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans; dry cleaning, some chlorinated solvents and other industrial chemicals.

This overview compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic emissions of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., isoprene, terpenes, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, carbonyls, and acids. We discuss VOC biosynthesis, emission inventories, relations between emission and plant physiology as well as temperature and radiation, and ecophysiological functions. For isoprene and monoterpenes, an extended summary of standard emission factors, with data related to the plant genus and species, is included. The data compilation shows that we have quite a substantial knowledge of the emission of isoprene and monoterpenes, including emission rates, emission regulation, and biosynthesis. The situation is worse in the case of numerous other compounds (other VOCs or OVOCs) being emitted by the biosphere. This is reflected in the insufficient knowledge of emission rates and biological functions. Except for the terpenoids, only a limited number of studies of OVOCs are available; data are summarized for alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, acids, and esters. In addition to closing these gaps of knowledge, one of the major objectives for future VOC research is improving our knowledge of the fate of organic carbon in the atmosphere, ending up in oxidation products and/or as aerosol particles.

Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): An Overview on Emission, Physiology and Ecology

Detailed theoretical (Part I, this article) and experimental (Part II) investigations are presented for the mechanism of the atmospheric photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3) and dimethyl disulfide (CH3SSCH3). In this paper, comprehensive mechanisms for the atmospheric chemistry of CH3SCH3 and CH3SSCH3 are developed based on fundamental considerations of all available kinetic and mechanistic information.

Photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. I: Mechanism development

From selective sampling and liquid chromatography analysis, ambient levels of carbonyl compounds as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones have been measured in the Los Angeles area during severe photochemical pollution episodes. Gas-phase concentrations and diurnal profiles are presented for six carbonyls: formaldehyde (up to 48 ppb), acetaldehyde (less than or equal to 35 ppb), propanal (less than or equal to 14 ppb), butanal (less than or equal to 7 ppb), 2-butanone (less than or equal to 14 ppb), and benzaldehyde (less than or equal to 1 ppb). Also presented are particulate-phase concentrations and particle/gas distribution ratios for five carbonyls. Ambient carbonyl levels are discussed with respect to anthropogenic emissions and to photochemical production and removal in polluted air. Advantages and current limitations of the method employed are briefly discussed.

Formaldehyde and other carbonyls in Los Angeles ambient air.

Parameterization of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols

Identification of C3-C10 aliphatic dicarboxylic acids in airborne particulate matter

Large smog chambers (approx.60 m/sup 3/) constructed of FEP Teflon film are frequently used to study photochemistry and aerosol formation in model chemical systems. In a previous paper a theory for aerosol wall loss rates in Teflon film smog chambers was developed; predicted particle loss rates were in good agreement with measured rates. In the present paper, measurements of wall deposition rates and the effects of wall losses on measurements of gas-to-particle conversion in smog chambers are discussed. Calculations indicate that a large fraction of the aerosol formed in several smog chamber experiments was on the chamber walls at the end of the experiment. Estimated values for particulate organic carbon yield for several precursor hydrocarbons increased by factors of 1.3-6.0 when wall deposition was taken into account. The theory is also extended to loss rates of gaseous species. Such loss rates are either limited by diffusion through a concentration boundary layer near the surface or by uptake at the surface. It is shown that for a typical 60-m/sup 3/ Teflon film smog chamber, gas loss rates are limited by surface reaction rates if mass accommodation coefficients are less than 6 x 10/sup -6/. It follows that previously reported loss ratesmore » of several gases in a chamber of this type were limited by surface reactions.« less

Gas and aerosol wall losses in Teflon film smog chambers

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