Significant opportunities and challenges exist in the creation and characterization of biomaterials. Materials have been designed for contact with blood, as replacements for soft and hard tissues, as adhesives, and as dental materials. Current methods of synthesis and characterization of these materials are outlined. Approaches for controlling the interface between tissue and biomaterials and ways in which the engineered materials may contribute to medicine are considered.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/263/5154/1715.full.pdf

New challenges in biomaterials

Polymers for biodegradable medical devices. 1. The potential of polyesters as controlled macromolecular release systems

Implants for the internal fixation of fractures have a common property of being needed only temporarily, until the fracture has united. In accordance with this limited requirement, many trauma surgeons, including those of the AO-ASIF school, recommend that all metallic implants used for the fixation of fractures be removed in due course39. The protocol for removal ofthe hardware at trauma centers varies greatly, however, from routine removal from all patients to selective removal only from patients who have symptoms9. The adverse effects of retained metallic devices, the most important of which are osteopenia of cortical bone induced by protection from stress and corrosion, seem to be of minor importance when fractures confined to cancellous bone are managed and modern, biologically inert implants are used. Nevertheless, there will always be patients who request removal of an implant because of chronic irritation of the surrounding soft tissues by prominent hardware. The application of absorbable implants that would negate the need for subsequent removal could offer major clinical advantages for the fixation of fractures. Any financial benefits would be influenced both by the price of the absorbable implant compared with that of a conventional implant and by the rate of removal for any particular fracture.

Absorbable implants for the fixation of fractures.

Monocryl suture, a new ultra-pliable absorbable monofilament suture.

Synthetic materials are a tremendous potential resource for treating human disease. For the rational design of many of these biomaterials it is necessary to have an understanding of polymer chemistry and polymer physics. Equally important to those two fields is a quantitative understanding of the principles that govern rates of drug transport, reaction, and disappearance in physiological and pathological situations. This book is a synthesis of these principles, providing a working foundation for those in the field of drug delivery. It covers advanced drug delivery and contemporary biomaterials.

Drug Delivery: Engineering Principles for Drug Therapy

The chemical and biologic properties of a unique, new monofilament suture, polydioxanone, have been described. The inherent flexibility of its polymer allows the polydioxanone suture to be fabricated into a monofilament fiber useful for all sizes of sutures. Polydioxanone suture has greater pliability than polypropylene suture and has greater strength than that of other monofilament sutures. In the body, polydioxanone suture retains its strength for longer periods than other synthetic absorbable sutures--58 per cent versus 1 to 5 per cent at four weeks and 14 per cent versus zero per cent at eight weeks, respectively. It elicits a low order of tissue response and is absorbed by simple hydrolysis.

Polydioxanone (PDS), a novel monofilament synthetic absorbable suture.

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Polydioxanone (PDS), a novel monofilament synthetic absorbable suture.