Lentinula edodes, one of the most popular, edible mushroom species with a high content of proteins and polysaccharides as well as unique aroma, is widely cultivated in many Asian countries, especially in China, Japan and Korea. As a white rot fungus with lignocellulose degradation ability, L. edodes has the potential for application in the utilization of agriculture straw resources. Here, we report its 41.8-Mb genome, encoding 14,889 predicted genes. Through a phylogenetic analysis with model species of fungi, the evolutionary divergence time of L. edodes and Gymnopus luxurians was estimated to be 39 MYA. The carbohydrate-active enzyme genes in L. edodes were compared with those of the other 25 fungal species, and 101 lignocellulolytic enzymes were identified in L. edodes, similar to other white rot fungi. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of genes encoding two cellulases and 16 transcription factor was up-regulated when mycelia were cultivated for 120 minutes in cellulose medium versus glucose medium. Our results will foster a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of lignocellulose degradation and provide the basis for partial replacement of wood sawdust with agricultural wastes in L. edodes cultivation.

/pdf/genome-sequence-of-the-edible-cultivated-mushroom-lentinula-1qplfc816y.pdf

Genome sequence of the edible cultivated mushroom Lentinula edodes (shiitake) reveals insights into lignocellulose degradation

Productivity of agricultural residues used for the cultivation of the medicinal fungus Lentinula edodes

Mushroom cultivation as a prominent biotechnological process for the valorization of agro-industrial residues generated as a result of agro-forestry and agro-industrial production. A huge amount of lignocellulosic agricultural crop residues and agro-industrial by-products are annually generated, rich in organiccompounds that are worthy of being recovered and transformed. A number of these residues have been employed as feedstocks in solid state fermentation (SSF) processes using higher basidiomycetus fungi for the production of mushroom food, animal feed, enzymes and medicinal compounds. Likewise, the above-mentioned microorganisms have been successfully employed in processes related with the bioremediation of hazardous compounds and waste detoxification. Mushroom cultivation presents a worldwide expanded and economically important biotechnological industry that uses efficient solid-state-fermentation process of food protein recovery from lignocellulosic materials. Several aspects of mushroom physiology along with impacts of different environmental and nutritional conditions on mycelium growth and fruiting bodies production are highlined. Moreover, cultivation technologies of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus spp and Lentinula edodes, comprising spawn (inoculum) production, substrate preparation and mushroom growing process i.e. inoculation, substrate colonization by the cultivated fungus, fruiting, harvesting and processing of the fruiting bodies, are outlined. Finally, the efficiency of residues conversion into fruiting bodies are outlined in two medicinal mushroom genera, Pleurotus and Lentinula, widely cultivated for their nutritional value and extensively researched for their biodegradation capabilities. Experimental data concerning residue-substrates used, as well as biological efficiencies obtained during their cultivation were considered and discussed.

Production of Mushrooms Using Agro-Industrial Residues as Substrates

Two selected Lentinula edodes strains (S4080 and SIEF0231) were cultivated on oak-wood sawdust (OS), wheat straw (WS) and corn-cobs (CC) substrates in order to examine the influence of those residues on mycelium growth and on basidiomata production. For both strains, mycelial growth measurements conducted in ‘race tubes’ demonstrated faster colonization of OS and WS media. Lag-phase and complete colonization periods were correlated to mycelium extension rates in the three substrates tested. Similar patterns of pH and electrical conductivity (Ec) changes were detected in all media and for all strains tested; the pH decreased steadily throughout the colonization process to reach values of 4.49–5.06; Ec increased by the end of mycelium colonization, and it presented the highest and lowest values in the WS and OS media respectively. In addition, a negative correlation was established between final salt content of the substrates and mycelium extension rates. Subjecting fully colonized substrates to a cold-shock treatment resulted in fruiting 58–65 days after inoculation in tubes; WS and CC promoted earlier sporophore initiation than OS. Monitoring CO2 emissions by strain SIEF0231 in pilot-scale cultivation on synthetic blocks, revealed higher respiration rates from OS and CC than from WS, which were further correlated with substrate colonization rates. Among residues colonized by the same strain, WS appeared to promote earliness and crop productivity (BE 54.17%) by presenting shorter cropping periods and equal yield distribution among flushes, while on OS and CC maximum yields were obtained within the first two flushes. Moreover, heavier basidiomata were produced by WS and OS substrates.

Correlation of the properties of several lignocellulosic substrates to the crop performance of the shiitake mushroom Lentinula edodes

The production of four strains of edible mushroom Lentinula edodes was evaluated through solid-state fermentation (SSF) of vineyard pruning (VP), barley straw (BS), and wheat straw (WS). Biological efficiency, proximal composition, and energy value of the fruiting bodies, as well as substrate chemical changes after harvest, were determined. The shortest primordium formation time (28 days), highest biological efficiency (93.25%), highest yield (37.46%), and shortest production cycle (6 days) were observed in VP. The fruiting bodies obtained from VP had high energy value (379.09 to 392.95 kcal) and contents of protein (12.37 to 17.19%), but low contents of fat (1.82 to 2.15%). After SSF, phenol concentration decreased on VP (1.2 mmol/L) and BS (0.31 mmol/L), but on WS remained practically the same. Hemicellulose decreased in all substrates; cellulose increased on WS and decreased in the rest of the treatments. Lignin decreased on WS and BS, but its concentration increased on VP. The variability observed in the degradation capacity of lignocellulosic components was influenced by the substrate's nature, environmental factors, and genetic factors among strains. VP has great potential for shiitake production due to its low cost, short production cycles, and high biological efficiency.

Bioconversion of agrowastes by Lentinula edodes: the high potential of viticulture residues.

Resumen en: The cultivation of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) in Argentina began in recent years; however, tree species commonly used as substrates in Southeast Asia o...

Cultivation of shiitake using sawdust from Widely available local woods in Argentina

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Cultivation of shiitake using sawdust from Widely available local woods in Argentina