The exploration of the unique properties of stored and cooled beams of highly-charged ions as provided by heavy-ion storage rings has opened novel and fascinating research opportunities in the realm of atomic and nuclear physics research. Since the late 1980s, pioneering work has been performed at the CRYRING at Stockholm (Abrahamsson et al. 1993) and at the Test Storage Ring (TSR) at Heidelberg (Baumann et al. 1988). For the heaviest ions in the highest charge-states, a real quantum jump was achieved in the early 1990s by the commissioning of the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) at GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt (Franzke 1987) where challenging experiments on the electron dynamics in the strong field regime as well as nuclear physics studies on exotic nuclei and at the borderline to atomic physics were performed. Meanwhile also at Lanzhou a heavy-ion storage ring has been taken in operation, exploiting the unique research opportunities in particular for medium-heavy ions and exotic nuclei (Xia et al. 2002).

/pdf/physics-book-cryring-esr-51aj6htcu3.pdf

Physics book: CRYRING@ESR

The radiative electron capture of a target electron into the projectile continuum has been studied for the collision system ${\text{U}}^{88+}+{\text{N}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\text{U}}^{88+}+{[{\text{N}}_{2}^{+}]}^{*}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ at 90 MeV/$\mathrm{u}$ Using a magnetic electron spectrometer, the energy distribution of cusp electrons emitted under an angle of ${0}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ with respect to the projectile beam and with a velocity close to the projectile velocity has been measured in coincidence with the emitted photons under various observation angles The experimental results provide a stringent test for the corresponding process in inverse kinematics, namely, the theory of electron-nucleus bremsstrahlung at the high-energy endpoint For comparison this process is calculated using fully relativistic Dirac wave functions and using semirelativistic Sommerfeld-Maue wave functions

Radiative-electron-capture-to-continuum cusp in U88+ + N2 collisions and the high-energy endpoint of electron-nucleus bremsstrahlung

Bremsstrahlung including the polarization correlations is revisited by presenting a theoretical model which is suited for the short-wavelength limit. The fast incoming electron is described by a Sommerfeld-Maue function, whereas for the outgoing electron an exact Dirac function is used. The cross section for electrons radiatively scattered from gold is calculated in the impact energy range 0.2-10 MeV and is compared to results from the Elwert-Haug theory and to available experimental data and relativistic partial-wave calculations. As an ultrarelativistic benchmark, the polarization correlations for 10 MeV electrons and 3-10 MeV photons are also given.

/pdf/electron-heavy-nucleus-bremsstrahlung-at-highly-relativistic-57t5v31hy4.pdf

Electron-heavy-nucleus bremsstrahlung at highly relativistic impact energies

The electron emission of highly charged ions has been reanalyzed with the goal of separating the magnetic and retardation contributions to the electron?electron (e?e) interaction from the static Coulomb repulsion in strong fields. A remarkable change in the electron angular distribution due to the relativistic terms in the e?e interaction is found, especially for the autoionization of beryllium-like projectiles, following a 1s???2p3/2 Coulomb excitation in collision with some target nuclei. For low-energetic, high-Z projectiles with Tp???10?MeV?u?1, a diminished (electron) emission in the forward direction as well as oscillations in the electron angular distribution due to the magnetic and retarded interactions are predicted for the autoionization of the 1s2s22p3/2 3P2 resonance into the 1s22s 2S1/2 ground and the 1s22p 2P1/2 excited levels of the finally lithium-like ions, and in contrast to a pure Coulomb repulsion between the bound and emitted electrons. The proposed excitation?autoionization process can be observed at existing storage rings and will provide a novel insight into the dynamics of electrons in strong fields.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/14/8/083018/pdf

Electron emission from highly charged ions: signatures of magnetic interactions and retardation in strong fields

Radiative double electron capture (RDEC), the one-step process occurring in ion-atom collisions, has been investigated for bare fluorine ions colliding with carbon. RDEC is completed when two target electrons are captured to a bound state of a projectile simultaneously with the emission of a single photon. This work is a follow-up to our earlier measurement of RDEC for bare oxygen projectiles, thus providing a recipient system free of electron-related Coulomb fields in both cases and allowing for the comparison between the two collision systems as well as with available theoretical studies. The most significant mechanisms of x-ray emission that may contribute to the RDEC energy region as background processes are also addressed.

/pdf/single-photon-emission-associated-with-double-electron-2yvysru05c.pdf

Single-photon emission associated with double electron capture in F 9 + + C collisions

We have measured the continuum momentum distribution for radiative electron capture to the continuum (RECC) cusp electrons in 90A MeV U{sup 88+}+N{sub 2}{yields}U{sup 88+}+(N{sub 2}{sup +}*)+e{sub cusp}(0 deg.)+h{nu} (RECC) collisions. We demonstrate that x rays coincident with RECC cusp electrons originate from the short-wavelength limit of the electron-nucleus bremsstrahlung and explain the asymmetric cusp shape by comparison with theory within the relativistic impulse approximation.

Radiative electron capture to the continuum and the short-wavelength limit of electron-nucleus Bremsstrahlung in 90A MeV U88+(1s(2)2s(2))+N-2 collisions

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Radiative electron capture to the continuum and the short-wavelength limit of electron-nucleus Bremsstrahlung in 90A MeV U88+(1s(2)2s(2))+N-2 collisions