Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

The constant growth of air traffic, the demand for performance optimization, and the need for decreasing both operating and maintenance costs have encouraged the aircraft industry to move toward more electric solutions. As a result of this trend, electric power required on-board of aircraft has significantly increased through the years, causing major changes in electric power system architectures. Considering this scenario, this paper gives a review about the evolution of electric power generation systems in aircraft. The major achievements are highlighted and the rationale behind some significant developments discussed. After a brief historical overview of the early dc generators (both wind- and engine-driven), the reasons which brought the definitive passage to the ac generation, for larger aircraft, are presented and explained. Several ac generation systems are investigated with particular attention being focused on the voltage levels and the generator technology. Furthermore, examples of commercial aircraft implementing ac generation systems are provided. Finally, the trends toward modern generation systems are also considered giving prominence to their challenges and feasibility.

/pdf/electrical-power-generation-in-aircraft-review-challenges-1fsf4e1o1k.pdf

Electrical Power Generation in Aircraft: Review, Challenges, and Opportunities

Electric, hybrid, and turboelectric fixed-wing aircraft: A review of concepts, models, and design approaches

Solid-state transformers (SSTs) are power electronic converters that provide isolation between a medium-voltage and a low-voltage (LV) system using medium-frequency transformers. The power electronic stages enable full-range control of the terminal voltages and currents and hence of the active and reactive power flows. Thus, SSTs are envisioned as key components of a smart grid. Various SST concepts have been proposed and analyzed in literature concerning technical aspects. However, several issues could potentially limit the applicability of SSTs in distribution grids. Therefore, this paper discusses four essential challenges in detail. It is found that SSTs are less efficient than low-frequency transformers (LFTs), yet their prospective prices are significantly higher. Furthermore, SSTs are not compatible with the protection schemes employed in today’s LV grids, i.e., they are not drop-in replacements for LFTs. The limited voltage control range typically required in distribution grids can be provided by competing solutions, which do not involve power electronics (e.g., LFTs with tap changers), or by hybrid transformers, where the comparably inefficient power electronic stage processes only a fraction of the total power. Finally, potential application scenarios of SSTs (ac-dc, dc-dc, weight/space limited applications) are discussed. All considerations are distilled into an applicability flowchart for SST technology.

Applicability of Solid-State Transformers in Today’s and Future Distribution Grids

During the past two decades, solidstate transformers (SSTs) have evolved quickly and have been considered for replacing conventional low-frequency (LF) transformers in applications such as traction, where weight and volume savings and substantial efficiency improvements can be achieved, or in smart grids because of their controllability. As shown in this article, all main modern SST topologies realize the common key characteristics of these transformers-medium-frequency (MF) isolation stage, connection to medium voltage (MV), and controllability-by employing combinations of a very few key concepts, which have been described or patented as early as the 1960s. But still, key research challenges concerning protection, isolation, and reliability remain.

Solid-State Transformers: On the Origins and Evolution of Key Concepts

Similar to the efforts to move toward electric vehicles, much research has focused on the idea of a more electric aircraft (MEA). The motivations for this research are similar to that for vehicles and include goals to reduce emissions and decrease fuel consumption. In traditional aircraft, multiple systems may use one type or a combination of types of energy, including electrical, hydraulic, mechanical, and pneumatic energy. However, all energy types have different drawbacks, including the sacrifice of total engine efficiency in the process of harvesting a particular energy, as with hydraulic and pneumatic systems. The goal for future aircraft is to replace most of the major systems currently utilizing nonelectric power, such as environmental controls and engine start, with new electrical systems to improve a variety of aircraft characteristics, such as efficiency, emissions, reliability, and maintenance costs. This paper provides an in-depth look into how the systems have—or will be—changed. Future aircraft capabilities such as electric taxi and gas–electric propulsion for aircraft are also included for discussion. Most recent commercial transport aircrafts are described as the current state-of-the-art electric aircraft system. Future goals, including those of NASA, are presented for future advances in MEA.

More Electric Aircraft: Review, Challenges, and Opportunities for Commercial Transport Aircraft

Electric and hybrid vehicles continue to demand a considerable share of the automotive market. This movement has been enabled by the recent technological improvements in the areas of electric motors, power electronics, and energy storage. While many electric vehicles (EVs) are on the market, they are not as cost competitive as conventional vehicles, and affordable cost is necessary for large-scale market penetration. For this to become a reality, continued research is needed to develop new cost-efficient technologies. This article presents the metrics and benchmarks used to gauge the performance of various electric drivetrains. In addition, current state-of-the-art technologies are presented in terms of these metrics as well as the future goals and trends in the industry. With ongoing development, the market for electric and hybrid vehicles will continue to increase.

Driving Toward Accessibility: A Review of Technological Improvements for Electric Machines, Power Electronics, and Batteries for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

This letter presents a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) topology to reduce the common mode (CM) voltage and electromagnetic interference (EMI) of electric motor drives. Instead of using filters, active or passive, or specific pulse width modulated (PWM) techniques to reduce the CM voltage, the proposed topology has inherently less CM voltage generation. With the addition of two switches placed in series on the dc lines, this topology effectively reduces the CM voltage during zero switching states by “floating” the inverter from the dc source. This topology can be implemented with any PWM method and does not add any additional complexity to the standard control techniques. The operation and CM reduction capability of the topology is first demonstrated in simulation and then verified with experimental results. A comparison of both common mode voltage and EMI is made to a conventional three-phase VSI to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed topology.

Reduction of Common Mode Voltage and Conducted EMI Through Three-Phase Inverter Topology

The adoption of silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs in variable speed drives (VSDs) makes it possible to increase the inverter switching frequency up to several hundred kilohertz without incurring excessive inverter loss. As a result, the harmonic currents and related losses in the machine can be significantly reduced, and the dynamic performance of motor will also be improved. However, the high switching frequency will increase the common mode (CM) electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission of the drive system presenting new challenges on CM choke design. In the literature, chokes designed for VSDs operating above 100 kHz are rarely found. Hence, this paper presents a case study on the output CM chokes for a SiC-based VSD switching at 20 and 200 kHz. A comprehensive comparison is made between the chokes for two switching frequencies regarding design, sizing, and performance, through both calculation and experiments. The results show that the CM choke designed for 200 kHz switching frequency is significantly larger and heavier than the 20 kHz choke, due to the higher inductance value required to meet the EMI limit and the lower permeability of the core material. Meanwhile, the 200 kHz choke is also less effective in noise attenuation as a result of the larger winding capacitance compared with the 20 kHz choke.

Comparison Between Output CM Chokes for SiC Drive Operating at 20- and 200-kHz Switching Frequencies

This paper proposes a balanced inverter topology for canceling the common-mode (CM) voltage of motor drives, and thus reducing or eliminating the ground leakage current, bearing current, and CM electromagnetic interference. The proposed topology splits one of the switches on each phase-leg of a conventional inverter into two half-voltage rated switches, and creates two complementary sets of balanced three phase output voltages, whose CM voltages cancel each other in the driven motor. The balanced inverter topology does not involve filter components, modification of the modulation strategy, or increase of the total device rating. Theoretical analysis and testing results are presented to verify this concept.

Common-Mode Voltage Cancellation in PWM Motor Drives With Balanced Inverter Topology

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