Inorganic‐organic hybrid structures have become innovative alternatives for next-generation dye-sensitized solar cells, because they combine the advantages of both systems. Here, we introduce a layered sandwich-type architecture, the core of which comprises a bicontinuous three-dimensional nanocomposite of mesoporous (mp)-TiO2 ,w ith CH 3NH3PbI3 perovskite as light harvester, as well as a polymeric hole conductor. This platform creates new opportunities for the development of low-cost, solution-processed, high-efficiency solar cells. The use of a polymeric hole conductor, especially poly-triarylamine, substantially improves the open-circuit voltage V oc and fill factor of the cells. Solar cells based on these inorganic‐organic hybrids exhibit a short-circuit current density Jsc of 16.5 mA cm 22 , Voc of 0.997 V and fill factor of 0.727, yielding a power conversion efficiency of 12.0% under standard AM 1.5 conditions.

/pdf/efficient-inorganic-organic-hybrid-heterojunction-solar-4io46ia6dp.pdf

Efficient inorganic–organic hybrid heterojunction solar cells containing perovskite compound and polymeric hole conductors

The research on the polymer-based solar cells (PSCs) has attracted an increasing amount of attention in recent years because PSCs pose potential advantages over mainstream inorganic-based solar cells, such as significantly reduced material/fabrication costs, flexible substrates, and light weight of finished solar cells. The research community has made great progress in the field of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells since its inception in 1995. The power conversion efficiency (PCE), a key parameter to assess the performance of solar cells, has increased from 1% in the 1990s to over 8% just recently. These great advances are mainly fueled by the development of conjugated polymers used as the electron-donating materials in BHJ solar cells. In this Perspective, we first briefly review the progress on the design of conjugated polymers for polymer solar cells in the past 16 years. Since a conjugated polymer can be arbitrarily divided into three constituting components—the conjugated backbone, the si...

/pdf/rational-design-of-high-performance-conjugated-polymers-for-4cpngxv0an.pdf

Rational Design of High Performance Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells

During the last few years, transition metal oxides (TMO) such as molybdenum tri-oxide (MoO3), vanadium pent-oxide (V2O5) or tungsten tri-oxide (WO3) have been extensively studied because of their exceptional electronic properties for charge injection and extraction in organic electronic devices. These unique properties have led to the performance enhancement of several types of devices and to a variety of novel applications. TMOs have been used to realize efficient and long-term stable p-type doping of wide band gap organic materials, charge-generation junctions for stacked organic light emitting diodes (OLED), sputtering buffer layers for semi-transparent devices, and organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells with improved charge extraction, enhanced power conversion efficiency and substantially improved long term stability. Energetics in general play a key role in advancing device structure and performance in organic electronics; however, the literature provides a very inconsistent picture of the electronic structure of TMOs and the resulting interpretation of their role as functional constituents in organic electronics. With this review we intend to clarify some of the existing misconceptions. An overview of TMO-based device architectures ranging from transparent OLEDs to tandem OPV cells is also given. Various TMO film deposition methods are reviewed, addressing vacuum evaporation and recent approaches for solution-based processing. The specific properties of the resulting materials and their role as functional layers in organic devices are discussed.

Transition Metal Oxides for Organic Electronics: Energetics, Device Physics and Applications

This article provides an overview on the recent development of solution processed organic, inorganic, and hybrid interfacial materials for bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells. The introduction of proper interfacial materials to optimize the electronic and electrical properties between the interfaces of the light-harvesting active layer and the charge-collecting electrode has become an important criterion to improve the performance of polymer solar cells. The electronic processes at these interfaces play a critical role in determining the efficiency for photon-to-electricity conversion. An ideal interface requires the formation of Ohmic contact with minimum resistance and high charge selectivity to prevent charge carriers from reaching the opposite electrodes. For long-term stability of polymer solar cells, interfaces with matched surface energy are required to prevent interfacial dewetting and delamination. Several classes of interfacial materials including inorganic metal oxides, crosslinkable charge-transporting materials, conjugated polymer electrolytes, self-assembled functional molecules, and graphene-based materials are highlighted and the integration of these interfacial materials with new low bandgap polymers and fullerene derivatives as active materials in different device architectures is also discussed.

Recent advances in solution-processed interfacial materials for efficient and stable polymer solar cells

The field of organic electronics has been developed vastly in the past two decades due to its promise for low cost, lightweight, mechanical flexibility, versatility of chemical design and synthesis, and ease of processing. The performance and lifetime of these devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photovoltaics (OPVs), and field-effect transistors (OFETs), are critically dependent on the properties of both active materials and their interfaces. Interfacial properties can be controlled ranging from simple wettability or adhesion between different materials to direct modifications of the electronic structure of the materials. In this Feature Article, the strategies of utilizing surfactant-modified cathodes, hole-transporting buffer layers, and self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-modified anodes are highlighted. In addition to enabling the production of high-efficiency OLEDs, control of interfaces in both conventional and inverted polymer solar cells is shown to enhance their efficiency and stability; and the tailoring of source–drain electrode–semiconductor interfaces, dielectric–semiconductor interfaces, and ultrathin dielectrics is shown to allow for high-performance OFETs.

Interface Engineering for Organic Electronics

Tungsten oxide (WO3) was inserted as an anode interfacial layer between the photoactive layer and top electrode in inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs) with nanocrystalline titanium dioxide as an electron selective layer. The device with WO3 exhibited a remarkable improvement in power conversion efficiency compared with that without WO3, which indicated that WO3 efficiently prevented the recombination of charge carriers at the organic/top electrode interface. The dependence of the device performances on WO3 film thickness and different top metal electrodes was investigated. Transparent inverted PSCs with thermally evaporable Ag/WO3 as a transparent anode were also investigated when introducing a WO3 buffer layer.

/pdf/role-of-tungsten-oxide-in-inverted-polymer-solar-cells-kj369w7z5c.pdf

Role of tungsten oxide in inverted polymer solar cells

Nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films were prepared by sol-gel method and were then used to fabricate metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors with Au Schottky contact. It was found that dark current of the fabricated devices was only 1.9nA at 5V applied bias. High responsivity of 199A∕W was achieved when it was irradiated by the ultraviolet light (λ=260nm). The low dark current and high responsivity maybe attributed to the effect of Schottky barrier in company with neutral semiconductor owing to the wide finger gap of 20μm. The devices show a slow time response with a rise time of 6s and a decay time of 15s. The authors deduced that the slow time response was caused by defect traps which were widely distributed in nanocrysal.

TiO2 based metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors

In this work, a new type of TiO2/polymer solar cells was fabricated. The device structure was indium tin oxide titanium dioxide (TiO2)/ copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/Au. In this architecture, TiO2 was designed to act as electron acceptor, and P3HT was electron donor. CuPc was used as a sensitizer to enhance photon absorption. The results show that by inserting CuPc between P3HT and TiO2 layers, the light absorption, excitons separation, and photocurrent under illumination are dramatically improved. The device has a short current density (JSC) of 1.15mA∕cm2 and power conversion efficiency (η) of 0.28% without CuPc layer. However, JSC and η turn to be 2.22mA∕cm2 and 0.66%, respectively, with a 20nm thickness CuPc layer under air mass 1.5 global (AM1.5G) illumination with the intensity of 100mW∕cm2. The performance improvement can be attributed to the higher carrier mobility and the stronger photon absorption using CuPc as a sensitizing layer.

/pdf/performance-improvement-of-tio2-p3ht-solar-cells-using-cupc-2a87ocdsif.pdf

Performance improvement of TiO2∕P3HT solar cells using CuPc as a sensitizer

α-MoO3/α-Fe2O3 nanostructure composites were fabricated via a facile and low-cost hydrothermal strategy. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to characterize the samples. The results revealed that the α-Fe2O3 nanorods grew on the surface of α-MoO3 nanobelts. The result shows the length and the width of α-MoO3 nanobelts to be about 6 μm and 200 nm. The average length of an α-Fe2O3 nanorod was 10 nm. The sensing properties towards various kinds of gases were tested and the heater-type gas sensors based on α-MoO3 nanobelts and α-MoO3/α-Fe2O3 nanostructure composites showed excellent performance towards xylene. It was found that such heterostructure composites exhibited enhanced xylene sensing properties compared with α-MoO3 nanobelts. For example, at a xylene concentration of 5 ppm, the response of the α-MoO3/α-Fe2O3 composites was 4.79, which was about 3 times higher than that of α-MoO3 nanostructures at 206 °C.

Xylene gas sensor based on α-MoO3/α-Fe2O3 heterostructure with high response and low operating temperature

Enhanced gas sensing properties for formaldehyde based on ZnO/Zn2SnO4 composites from one-step hydrothermal synthesis

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