The Versatile Link is a bi-directional digital optical data link operating at rates up to 4.8 Gbit/s and featuring radiation-resistant low-power and low-mass front-end components. The system is being developed in multimode or singlemode versions operating at 850 nm or 1310 nm wavelength respectively. It has serial data interfaces and is protocol-agnostic, but is targeted to operate in tandem with the GigaBit Transceiver (GBT) serializer/deserializer chip being designed at CERN. This paper gives an overview of the project status three and a half years after its launch. It describes the challenges encountered and highlights the solutions proposed at the system as well as the component level. It concludes with a positive feasibility assesment and an outlook for future project development directions.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/7/01/C01075/pdf

The Versatile Link common project: feasibility report

Commercially available semiconductor lasers and p-i-n photodiodes from several different manufacturers have been irradiated with 6MeV neutrons to fluences up to 10 15 n/cm 2 . A comparison of the radiation damage in the lasers is made in terms of the threshold current increase and efficiency loss. In the irradiated p-i-n photodiodes, the damage to leakage current and responsivity is compared. The laser damage was similar overall after normalising the changes with respect to the preirradiation values. The p-i-n photodiodes had similar leakage current increases overall. The detectors that were frontilluminated are more radiation resistant than the backilluminated devices in terms of the photocurrent damage.

Comparative Study of Radiation Hardness of Optoelectronic Components for the CMS Tracker Optical Links

The radiation resistance of Yb-doped fiber lasers, especially regarding Yb fiber lasers varying in doping constituents and at different doping concentrations is largely unknown. This paper reports on the gamma-ray induced optical transmission responses of two identical optical fibers that differed in their Yb doping concentrations by two orders of magnitude. The relative amplified spontaneous emission and insertion loss measurements of the two Yb fibers lasers is examined following irradiation by gamma-ray photons with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV. The fibers were observed to exhibit excellent radiation resistance to gammarays following irradiations performed at a nominal dose rate of 2.1 rad(Si) s -1 and to a total dose of approximately 97.1 krad(Si). Comparisons of irradiated Yb fiber responses with other reported irradiated Yb doped fibers is presented.

Ytterbium-doped fiber laser behavior in a gamma-ray environment

In this paper, a compendium of InGaAs photodiode irradiation test results is presented. These photodiodes were irradiated either with $\gamma $ -rays, protons, neutrons, electrons, pions, alpha particles, or carbon ions of various energies. The displacement damage dose formalism was found to be effective in describing the radiation-induced dark current increase of any of the studied InGaAs photodiodes. The exploitation of capacitance-bias voltage and current-bias voltage measurements also allows us to deduce a damage factor that can be used to assess the radiation-induced dark current in a great number of radiation environments.

/pdf/damage-factor-for-radiation-induced-dark-current-in-ingaas-2fwnzuioof.pdf

Damage Factor for Radiation-Induced Dark Current in InGaAs Photodiodes

A radiation hard 80 Mbit/s digital optical link system with 7200 fiber channels is being produced for the CMS Experiment at CERN. A series of tests including radiation damage and thermally accelerated aging have been made to qualify and assure the radiation hardness and reliability of InGaAs photodiodes intended for use in this system.

Radiation hardness assurance and reliability testing of InGaAs photodiodes for optical control links for the CMS experiment

Optical data links are being developed at CERN for use in the tracking system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment to be operated at the future CERN Large Hadron Collider. The radiation environment will be severe in the CMS tracker; simulations predict hadronic fluences > 10 14 /cm 2 over an experimental lifetime of ten years, consisting of a mixture of neutrons, pions and protons over a wide energy spectrum, plus an ionizing dose of approximately 100 kGy. Candidate optical link components must therefore be qualified for sufficient radiation hardness. Results are presented for commercially available InGaAsP lasers and InGaAs p-i-n photodiodes irradiated with 330 MeV pions up to 5.4 X 10 14 (pi) /cm 2 . The evolution of the laser threshold and efficiency with fluence is presented, in addition to the leakage current and photocurrent in the photodiodes. Comparisons are drawn with previous irradiation tests on identical devices using 6 MeV neutrons and 24 GeV protons, and ionizing damage due to 60 Co gamma rays.

/pdf/radiation-damage-studies-of-optical-link-components-for-42oqdwhfbt.pdf

Radiation damage studies of optical link components for applications in future high-energy physics experiments

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Radiation damage studies of optical link components for applications in future high-energy physics experiments