This article summarizes the changes in landscape structure because of human land managementoverthelastseveralcenturies,andusingobservedandmodeleddata, documents how these changes have altered biogeophysical and biogeochemical surface fluxes on the local, mesoscale, and regional scales. Remaining research issues are presented including whether these landscape changes alter large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns far from where the land use and land cover changes occur. We conclude that existing climate assessments have not yet adequately factored in this climate forcing. For those regions that have undergone intensive human landscape change, or would undergo intensive change in the future, we conclude that the failure to factor in this forcing risks a misalignment of investment in climate mitigation and adaptation.  2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

/pdf/land-use-land-cover-changes-and-climate-modeling-analysis-4xbchh9lj0.pdf

Land use/land cover changes and climate: modeling analysis and observational evidence

Land cover changes (LCCs) play an important role in the climate system. Research over recent decades highlights the impacts of these changes on atmospheric temperature, humidity, cloud cover, circulation, and precipitation. These impacts range from the local- and regional-scale to sub-continental and global-scale. It has been found that the impacts of regional-scale LCC in one area may also be manifested in other parts of the world as a climatic teleconnection. In light of these findings, this article provides an overview and synthesis of some of the most notable types of LCC and their impacts on climate. These LCC types include agriculture, deforestation and afforestation, desertification, and urbanization. In addition, this article provides a discussion on challenges to, and future research directions in, assessing the climatic impacts of LCC.

/pdf/land-cover-changes-and-their-biogeophysical-effects-on-46ln1qaksc.pdf

Land cover changes and their biogeophysical effects on climate

Climate and environmental change in arid Central Asia: impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations.

The Annals has been published since 1911 and is the journal of the American Association of Geographers (AAG) which changed its name from the Association of American Geographers effective 1 January, 2016. The title up to Issue 6, 2015 was the Annals of the Association of American Geographers. The title from Issue 1, 2016 is the Annals of the American Association of Geographers.

Annals of the American association of geographers

Current practice using probabilistic methods applied for designing hydraulic structures generally assume that extreme events are stationary. However, many studies in the past decades have shown that hydrological records exhibit some type of nonstationarity such as trends and shifts. Human intervention in river basins (e.g., urbanization), the effect of low-frequency climatic variability (e.g., Pacific Decadal Oscillation), and climate change due to increased greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere have been suggested to be the leading causes of changes in the hydrologic cycle of river basins in addition to changes in the magnitude and frequency of extreme floods and extreme sea levels. To tackle nonstationarity in hydrologic extremes, several approaches have been proposed in the literature such as frequency analysis, in which the parameters of a given model vary in accordance with time. The aim of this paper is to show that some basic concepts and methods used in designing flood-related hydraulic structures assuming a stationary world can be extended into a nonstationary frame- work. In particular, the concepts of return period and risk are formulated by extending the geometric distribution to allow for changing exceeding probabilities over time. Building on previous developments suggested in the statistical and climate change literature, the writers present a simple and unified framework to estimate the return period and risk for nonstationary hydrologic events along with examples and applications so that it can be accessible to a broad audience in the field. The applications demonstrate that the return period and risk estimates for nonstationary situations can be quite different than those corresponding to stationary conditions. They also suggest that the nonstationary analysis can be helpful in making an appropriate assessment of the risk of a hydraulic structure during the planned project-life. DOI: 10.1061/ (ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000820. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.

/pdf/revisiting-the-concepts-of-return-period-and-risk-for-1srcjb70l3.pdf

Revisiting the Concepts of Return Period and Risk for Nonstationary Hydrologic Extreme Events

This paper documents the diverse role of land-use/land-cover change on precipitation. Since land conversion continues at a rapid pace, this type of human disturbance of the climate system will continue and become even more significant in the coming decades.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00251.x

An overview of regional land-use and land-cover impacts on rainfall

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An overview of regional land-use and land-cover impacts on rainfall