Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is often considered as a drought sensitive crop and its sustainable production is threatened due to frequent drought episodes. There has been much research aiming to understand the physiological, biochemical, and genetic basis of drought tolerance in potato as a basis for improving production under drought conditions. The complex phenotypic response of potato plants to drought is conditioned by the interactive effects of the plant's genotypic potential, developmental stage, and environment. Effective crop improvement for drought tolerance will require the pyramiding of many disparate characters, with different combinations being appropriate for different growing environments. An understanding of the interaction between below ground water uptake by the roots and above ground water loss from the shoot system is essential. The development of high throughput precision phenotyping platforms is providing an exciting new tool for precision screening, which, with the incorporation of innovative screening strategies, can aid the selection and pyramiding of drought-related genes appropriate for specific environments. Outcomes from genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and bioengineering advances will undoubtedly compliment conventional breeding strategies and presents an alternative route toward development of drought tolerant potatoes. This review presents an overview of past research activity, highlighting recent advances with examples from other crops and suggesting future research directions.

/pdf/coping-with-drought-stress-and-adaptive-responses-in-potato-1zd0fk6jwc.pdf

Coping with drought: stress and adaptive responses in potato and perspectives for improvement.

The phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) which involves sequence specific gene regulation by small non-coding RNAs ie small interfering RNA (siRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA) has emerged as one of most powerful approaches for crop improvement RNAi based on siRNA is one of the widely used tools of reverse genetics which aid in revealing gene functions in many species This technology has been extensively applied to alter the gene expression in plants with an aim to achieve desirable traits RNAi has been used for enhancing the crop yield and productivity by manipulating the gene involved in biomass, grain yield and enhanced shelf life of fruits & vegetables It has also been applied for developing resistance against various biotic (bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, insects) and abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, cold etc) Nutritional improvements of crops have also been achieved by enriching the crops with essential amino acids, fatty acids, antioxidants and other nutrients beneficial for human health or by reducing allergens or anti-nutrients Micro RNAs are key regulators of important plant processes like growth, development and response to various stresses In spite of similarity in size (20-24nt), miRNA differ from siRNA in precursor structures, pathway of biogenesis, and modes of action This review also highlights the miRNA based genetic modification technology where various miRNAs/artificial miRNAs and their targets can be utilized for improving several desirable plant traits Micro RNA based strategies are much efficient than siRNA-based RNAi strategies due to its specificity and less undesirable off target effects As per the FDA guidelines, small RNA based transgenics are much safer for consumption than those over expressing proteins This review thereby summarizes the emerging advances and achievement in the field of small RNAs and its application for crop improvement

/pdf/small-rnas-in-plants-recent-development-and-application-for-42ib4k8whz.pdf

Small RNAs in plants: recent development and application for crop improvement.

Global climate change in the form of extreme heat and drought poses a major challenge to sustainable crop production by negatively affecting plant performance and crop yield. Such negative impact on crop yield is likely to be aggravated in future because continued greenhouse gas emissions will cause further rise in temperature leading to increased evapo-transpiration and drought severity, soil salinity as well as insect and disease threats. This has raised a major challenge for plant scientists on securing global food demand, which urges an immediate need to enhance the current yield of major food crops by two-fold to feed the increasing population. As a fourth major food crop, enhancing potato productivity is important for food security of an increasing population. However, potato plant is highly prone to high temperature, drought, soil salinity, as well as insect and diseases. In order to maintain a sustainable potato production, we must adapt our cultivation practices and develop stress tolerant potato cultivars that are appropriately engineered for changing environment. Yet the lack of data on the underlying mechanisms of potato plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stress and the ability to predict future outcomes constitutes a major knowledge gap. It is a challenge for plant scientists to pinpoint means of improving tuber yield under increasing CO2, high temperature and drought stress including the changing patterns of pest and pathogen infestations. Understanding stress-related physiological, biochemical and molecular processes is crucial to develop screening procedures for selecting crop cultivars that can better adapt to changing growth conditions. Elucidation of such mechanism may offer new insights into the identification of specific characteristics that may be useful in breeding new cultivars aimed at maintaining or even enhancing potato yield under changing climate. This paper discusses the recent progress on the mechanism by which potato plants initially sense the changes in their surrounding CO2, temperature, water status, soil salinity and consequently respond to these changes at the molecular, biochemical and physiological levels. We suggest that future research needs to be concentrated on the identification and characterization of signaling molecules and target genes regulating stress tolerance and crop yield potential.

/pdf/improving-potato-stress-tolerance-and-tuber-yield-under-a-2m0wk327q9.pdf

Improving Potato Stress Tolerance and Tuber Yield Under a Climate Change Scenario - A Current Overview.

The phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) is involved in sequence-specific gene regulation driven by the introduction of dsRNA resulting in inhibition of translation or transcriptional repression. Since the discovery of RNAi and its regulatory potentials, it has become evident that RNAi has immense potential in opening a new vista for crop improvement. RNAi technology is precise, efficient, stable and better than antisense technology. It has been employed successfully to alter the gene expression in plants for better quality traits. The impact of RNAi to improve the crop plants has proved to be a novel approach in combating the biotic and abiotic stresses and the nutritional improvement in terms of bio-fortification and bio-elimination. It has been employed successfully to bring about modifications of several desired traits in different plants. These modifications include nutritional improvements, reduced content of food allergens and toxic compounds, enhanced defence against biotic and abiotic stresses, alteration in morphology, crafting male sterility, enhanced secondary metabolite synthesis and seedless plant varieties. However, crop plants developed by RNAi strategy may create biosafety risks. So, there is a need for risk assessment of GM crops in order to make RNAi a better tool to develop crops with biosafety measures. This article is an attempt to review the RNAi, its biochemistry, and the achievements attributed to the application of RNAi in crop improvement.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00425-013-2019-5.pdf

RNA interference: concept to reality in crop improvement

Summary
In Arabidopsis, the miR171-GRAS module has been clarified as key player in meristem maintenance. However, the knowledge about its role in fruit crops like tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) remains scarce. We previously identified tomato SlGRAS24 as a target gene of Sly-miR171. To study the role of this probable transcription factor, we generated transgenic tomato plants underexpressing SlGRAS24, overexpressing SlGRAS24, overexpressing Sly-miR171 and expressing β-glucuronidase (GUS) under the SlGRAS24 promoter (proSlGRAS24-GUS). Plants overexpressing SlGRAS24 (SlGRAS24-OE) had pleiotropic phenotypes associated with multiple agronomical traits including plant height, flowering time, leaf architecture, lateral branch number, root length, fruit set and development. Many GA/auxin-related genes were down-regulated and altered responsiveness to exogenous IAA/NAA or GA3 application was observed in SlGRAS24-OE seedlings. Moreover, compromised fruit set and development in SlGRAS24-OE was also observed. These newly identified phenotypes for SlGRAS24 homologs in tomato were later proved to be caused by impaired pollen sacs and fewer viable pollen grains. At anthesis, the comparative transcriptome results showed altered expression of genes involved in pollen development and hormone signalling. Taken together, our data demonstrate that SlGRAS24 participates in a series of developmental processes through modulating gibberellin and auxin signalling, which sheds new light on the involvement of hormone crosstalk in tomato development.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/pbi.12646

Overexpression of a tomato miR171 target gene SlGRAS24 impacts multiple agronomical traits via regulating gibberellin and auxin homeostasis.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs found in both animals and plants miRNAs function as negative post-transcriptional regulators during plant development and in response to biotic and abiotic stress In this work, we identified drought stress-related miRNAs from reads obtained from second-generation sequencing This method is useful to determine miRNA expression profiles when genomic sequences are not available and to find putative miRNAs by aligning reads with sequences from miRBase Here, we report the identification of a family of drought-responsive miRNAs, stu-miR171a, stu-miR171b, and stu-miR171c, from potato plants, their expression profiles upon drought stress, and their target mRNAs

miR171 Family Members are Involved in Drought Response in Solanum tuberosum

EREBP (ethylene responsive element binding protein) and WRKY (wizz-like transcription factor) are known to play roles in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as low temperatures. Previously, we used cDNA microarrays and Northern blot analysis to determine the mechanisms responsible for those underlying defenses. These analyses led to the identification of CaEREBP-C1, -C2, -C3 and CaWRKY1A genes that encode the ethylene responsive element binding protein and wizz-like transcription factors, respectively, from hot pepper (Capsicum annuum). In that study, we demonstrated that the CaEREBP-C1, -C2, -C3 and CaWRKY1A genes were strongly induced by cold stress. Here, we used Tiplasmid and Agrobecterium-mediated transformation to engineer CaEREBP-C1, -C2, -C3 and CaWRKY1A under control of the CaMV 35S promoter for constitutive expression in transgenic plants. The resultant transgenic plants exhibited significantly increased tolerance to low temperatures. In addition, none of the CaEREBP-C1, -C2, -C3 and CaWRKY1A transgenic plants showed visible phenotypic alteration when compared to wild type plants. Taken together, these results suggest that CaEREBP-C1, -C2, -C3 and CaWRKY1A play important biological roles in conferring plant cold stress tolerance.

Molecular characterization of cold stress-related transcription factors, CaEREBP-C1, -C2, -C3, and CaWRKY1A from Capsicum annuum L.

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miR171 Family Members are Involved in Drought Response in Solanum tuberosum

Molecular characterization of cold stress-related transcription factors, CaEREBP-C1, -C2, -C3, and CaWRKY1A from Capsicum annuum L.