Water-in-oil high internal phase emulsions (HIPEW/O) are promising as fat substitutes and nutrient carriers in food systems. A method was developed to replace the water phase of HIPEW/O with natural deep eutectic solvents (NDES) to enhance the loading and stability of nutraceuticals. NDESs, comprising varying ratios of d-glucose, sucrose, and water, were used. Higher sucrose ratios resulted in larger crystals in NDES-based HIPEW/O. Glucose-to-sucrose molar ratios below 1 generated gel-like HIPEs with excellent thermal, centrifugal, freeze-thaw, and storage stability. Increased sucrose proportion in NDES promoted crystal formation, thus improving emulsion stability. NDES-HIPEs demonstrated high curcumin loading with high encapsulation efficiency. Crystal-containing NDES-HIPEs exhibited improved ultraviolet and gastrointestinal stability. This study presents a novel method for HIPEW/O preparation. Using NDES as the internal phase regulates crystal morphology, enhances emulsion stability, and protects nutrients. These unique emulsions hold potential as carriers for bioactive components in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. 

Fabrication of natural deep eutectic solvent based water-in-oil high internal phase emulsion: Improving loading capacity and stability of curcumin

In response to the problem of the high friction sensitivity of 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl) furoxan (DNTF) in solid propellants, the inherent component of solid propellants, nitrocellulose (NC), was used to coat DNTF explosives via the water suspension method. The coated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and friction sensitivity tests at a fixed 66° swing angle, and molecular dynamics calculations were performed to study the friction sensitivity and desensitization mechanism of NC-based DNTF coatings. The results show that NC, when used as a coating layer, can form a white gel on the surface of DNTF crystals, which can effectively reduce the friction sensitivity of DNTF. The coating effect becomes more obvious as the NC content increases. When the NC content is 5%, the friction sensitivity decreases by 72%, and a prediction formula for the exponential decay of DNTF friction sensitivity is obtained. MD calculation data show that NC can weaken the stiffness, enhance the elastic-plastic properties, increase the ductility and toughness of DNTF materials, and effectively improve the mechanical properties of DNTF. By combining experiments and simulation calculations, while considering the compatibility of new components and changes in propellant energy and other unpredictable new issues, NC can be referred to as a better coating layer for DNTF, as it has a certain feasibility for improving the friction sensitivity of DNTF. 

Friction Sensitivity Test Experiment and Desensitization Mechanism of Nitrocellulose-Coated DNTF Explosive Crystals

Accelerated isothermal decomposition behavior derived from the interaction of 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan (DNTF) with amino nitrogen-rich compounds

2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), an insensitive explosive, has replaced trinitrotoluene (TNT) in many melt-cast explosives to improve the safety of ammunition and becomes a promising material to desensitize novel explosives of high sensitivity. Here, we combine thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry-Mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-MS), density functional theory (DFT), and ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) to investigate its thermal decomposition and detonation mechanisms. As revealed by TG-FTIR-MS, the thermal decomposition of DNAN starts at ca. 453 K when highly active NO2 is produced and quickly converted to NO resulting in the formation of a large amount of Ph(OH)(OH2)OCH3+. DFT calculations show that the activation energy of DNAN is higher than that of TNT due to the lack of α-H. Further steps in both thermal decomposition and detonation reactions of the DNAN are dominated by bimolecular O-transfers. ReaxFF MD indicates that DNAN has a lower heat of explosion than TNT, in accordance with the observation that the activation energies of polynitroaromatic explosives are inversely proportional to their heat of explosion. The inactive –OCH3 group and less nitro groups also render DNAN higher thermal stability than TNT.

Exploring the thermal decomposition and detonation mechanisms of 2,4-dinitroanisole by TG-FTIR-MS and molecular simulations

Materials with low melting point and high energy density have become the focus of research on energy-containing materials thanks to their superb detonation performance and wide applications. This paper proposed a new synthetic route for an energy-containing compound 1-trinitromethyl-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (TNMNT), using 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole as the raw material, low toxic chloroacetone as the substitute and KBr as the catalyst. These substances reacted at 70 °C for 3 h in a DMF reaction solvent system. The intermediate 1-acetonyl-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (ANT) was obtained with a yield of 38 %. The nitration process increased the volume ratio of mixed nitric and sulfuric acids (1 : 3), and the reaction time was 36 h. TNMNT as a nitrogen-rich compound having low melting point and high energy density was synthesized with a yield of 43 %. Compared with the traditional process, the experimental period was significantly shortened, and this synthetic method proved more environment-friendly. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and mechanical sensitivity tests were performed on the products. It was found that the melting and decomposition points of TNMNT were 100.5 °C and 166.4 °C, respectively, the characteristic drop height H50 was 21.3 cm, and the frictional sensitivity was 56 %. Results show that the TNMNT crystals synthesized by this new route have better morphology, higher purity, and lower melting point. Compared with the raw material, the introduction of the trinitromethyl group produced higher mechanical sensitivity than other compounds having low melting point. Calculation of the thermal decomposition parameters found: activation energy of 104.4 kJ ⋅ mol−1, pre-exponential factor of 2.27×1010 s−1, activation enthalpy of 100.9 kJ ⋅ mol−1, activation entropy of 57.98 J ⋅ mol−1 ⋅ K−1, and activation free energy of 125.72 kJ ⋅ mol−1. 

Study on a novel synthetic route and properties of 1‐trinitromethyl‐3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazole (TNMNT)

In order to hunt for a high-energy and insensitive eutectic, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method was used to investigate the melting process of DNTF-DFTNAN co-molten mixtures with different compositions. Based on the experimental T-x phase diagram, the experimentally extrapolated molar ratio of DNTF-DFTNAN eutectic mixture is 30.1/69.9, which is consistent with the result from the H-x phase diagram, and the eutectic point is about 335.5 K, showing that the addition of DFTNAN can effectively reduce the melting temperature of DNTF. The FT-IR and XRD measurements of raw DNTF, raw DFTNAN and the DNTF-DFTNAN eutectic indicate that no chemical reaction occurred and the structure of crystal doesn't change during the preparation of the eutectic. The thermal decomposition temperatures at different heating rates and the apparent activation energy of eutectic are basically between DNTF and DFTNAN. The drop height (H50) for the DNTF-DFTNAN eutectic increases by 27.4 cm (85.1%) compared with that of DNTF, and the detonation velocity decreases only by 0.5 km/s (5.5 %), implying that the DFTNAN can efficiently desensitize the DNTF explosive with a slight energy loss. In addition, the polynomial equations of mechanical sensitivity and detonation velocity with DNTF content were fitted to adjust the detonation performance and sensitivity of DNTF-DFTNAN co-molten mixture, which provides an opportunity to design DNTF-DFTNAN expected melt-cast explosives. 

High‐performance and insensitive DNTF‐DFTNAN eutectic: binary phase diagram and characterization

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High‐performance and insensitive DNTF‐DFTNAN eutectic: binary phase diagram and characterization