Soils can rarely be described as ideally elastic or perfectly plastic and yet simple elastic and plastic models form the basis for the most traditional geotechnical engineering calculations. With the advent of cheap powerful computers the possibility of performing analyses based on more realistic models has become widely available. One of the aims of this book is to describe the basic ingredients of a family of simple elastic-plastic models of soil behaviour and to demonstrate how such models can be used in numerical analyses. Such numerical analyses are often regarded as mysterious black boxes but a proper appreciation of their worth requires an understanding of the numerical models on which they are based. Though the models on which this book concentrates are simple, understanding of these will indicate the ways in which more sophisticated models will perform.

Soil Behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics

In the past 25 years great strides have been made in the area of static stability and deformation analysis. The widespread availability of microcomputers has brought about considerable change in the computational aspects of slope stability analysis. Analyses can be done much more thoroughly, and, from the point of view of mechanics, more accurately than was possible without computers. Still, engineers performing slope stability analyses must have more than a computer program. They must have a thorough mastery of soil mechanics and soil strength, a solid understanding of the computer programs they use, and the ability and patience to test and judge the results of their analyses to avoid mistakes and misuse. Realistic analyses of deformations of slopes and embankments were not possible until about 25 years ago. They are possible now mainly because the finite-element method has been developed and adapted to these applications. The principal requirement for achieving reasonably accurate and useful results fro...

State of the Art: Limit Equilibrium and Finite-Element Analysis of Slopes

Often, the use of traditional techniques in geotechnical engineering faces obstacles of economical and environmental nature. The addition of cement becomes an attractive technique when the project requires improvement of the local soil. The treatment of soils with cement finds application, for instance, in the construction of pavement base layers, in slope protection of earth dams, and as a support layer for shallow foundations. However, there are no dosage methodologies based on rational criteria as exist in the case of the concrete technology, where the water/cement ratio plays a fundamental role in the assessment of the target strength. This study therefore aims to quantify the influence of the amount of cement, the porosity and the moisture content on the strength of a sandy soil artificially cemented, as well as to evaluate the use of a water/cement ratio and a voids/cement ratio to assess its unconfined compression strength. A number of unconfined compression tests, triaxial compression tests, and measurements of matric suction were carried out. The results show that the unconfined compression strength increased linearly with the increase in the cement content and exponentially with the reduction in porosity of the compacted mixture. The change in moisture content also has a marked effect on the unconfined compression strength of mixtures compacted at the same dry density. It was shown that, for the soil-cement mixture in an unsaturated state (which is usual for compacted fills), the water/cement ratio is not a good parameter for the assessment of unconfined compression strength. In contrast, the voids/cement ratio, defined as the ratio between the porosity of the compacted mixture and the volumetric cement content, is demonstrated to be the most appropriate parameter to assess the unconfined compression strength of the soil-cement mixture studied.

Key Parameters for Strength Control of Artificially Cemented Soils

Staged construction uses controlled rates of load application to increase the foundation stability of structures founded on soft cohesive soils and to improve the slope stability of tailings dams. Because construction causes positive excess pore pressures and because actual failures usually occur without significant drainage, stability analyses should compute the factor of safety against an undrained failure as the most critical and realistic condition. This requires an undrained strength analysis (USA) that treats predicted or measured in situ effective stresses as equal to consolidation stresses in order to calculate variations in undrained shear strength during construction. The recommended USA methodology requires a detailed evaluation of changes in vertical stress history profiles, uses undrained strength ratios obtained from CK0U tests to account for anisotropy and progressive failure, and is more rational than stability evaluations based on UU and CIU triaxial compression testing. Conventional effe...

Stability Evaluation during Staged Construction

Unconfined compression tests, splitting tensile tests, and saturated drained triaxial compression tests with local strain mea- surement were carried out to evaluate the benefit of utilizing randomly distributed polyethylene terephthalate fiber, obtained from recycling waste plastic bottles, alone or combined with rapid hardening Portland cement to improve the engineering behavior of a uniform fine sand. The separate and the joint effects of fiber content~up to 0.9 wt %!, fiber length ~up to 36 mm!, cement content ~ from 0t o 7 wt %!, and initial mean effective stress ~20, 60, and 100 kN/m 2 ! on the deformation and strength characteristics of the soil were investigated using design of experiments and multiple regression analysis. The results show that the polyethylene terephthalate fiber reinforcement improved the peak and ultimate strength of both cemented and uncemented soil and somewhat reduced the brittleness of the cemented sand. In addition, the initial stiffness was not significantly changed by the inclusion of fibers.

Engineering Behavior of a Sand Reinforced with Plastic Waste

The present paper reports on the failure of a test embankment built on a soft, sensitive, and cemented clay in Saint-Alban, Quebec. The embankment was built as a first stage of a research program a...

Failure of a Test Embankment On a Sensitive Champlain Clay Deposit

The new approach to the stability analysis of embankments on sensitive clays, which is presented in this paper, is based on an interpretation of Bjerrum's data made by Mesri, which led to the obser...

A new approach to the stability analysis of embankments on sensitive clays

This paper presents a critical review of the analytical methods of slope stability analysis.The effective stress methods of analysis surfer from four fundamental weaknesses related to the magnitude...

Remarks on the validity of stability analyses

This paper presents the results of a study of stability by effective stress analysis of four embankments that were built to failure; three of these embankments are located in Narbonne, Lanester, an...

Effective stress analysis of the stability of embankments on soft soils

TRADUCTION DE LA REVUE CANADIENNE DE GEOTECHNIQUE, VOL 15, 1978, PP 54-65. L'ANALYSE DETAILLEE DES PRESSIONS INTERSTITIELLES DE CONSTRUCTION, SOUS L'AXE DE QUATRE REMBLAIS D'ESSAI CONSTRUITS SUR UNE ARGILE MOLLE ET SENSIBLE, A MIS EN EVIDENCE UNE DIFFERENCE TRES NETTE PAR RAPPORT AUX METHODES CLASSIQUES DE PREVISION DES PRESSIONS INTERSTITIELLES. DANS LES PREMIERES PHASES DE CONSTRUCTION, L'ARGILE EST SURCONSOLIDEE ET DONC CARACTERISEE PAR UN FORT COEFFICIENT DE CONSOLIDATION CV. DE CE FAIT, UNE CONSOLIDATION IMPORTANTE SE DEVELOPPE, MEME PENDANT LA DUREE TRES BREVE DE LA CONSTRUCTION. A CAUSE DE CETTE CONSOLIDATION, LA CONTRAINTE EFFECTIVE VERTICALE AUGMENTE RAPIDEMENT JUSQU'A ATTEINDRRE LA PRECONSOLIDATION DE L'ARGILE. A CE MOMENT, L'ARGILE DEVIENT NORMALEMENT CONSOLIDEE ET LA POURSUITE DE LA CONSTRUCTION SE FAIT A CONTRAINTE EFFECTIVE VERTICALE CONSTANTE. LE MODELE DE YLIGHT DE COMPORTEMENT DE L'ARGILE PROPOSE PAR TAVENAS ET LEROUEIL PERMET D'EXPLIQUER ENTIEREMENT CE COMPORTEMENT. DANS LA PARTIE II ON MONTRE QUE CELA S'APPLIQUE EN FAIT SOUS LA PLUPART DES REMBLAIS ET ON PROPOSE UNE METHODE DE PREVISION DES PRESSIONS INTERSTITIELLES (VOIR DIRR 108114) (A).

Pressions interstitielles developpees dans l'argile de fondation des remblais - 1) les remblais d'essais de saint-alban

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