As we are moving towards the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of sensors deployed around the world is growing at a rapid pace. Market research has shown a significant growth of sensor deployments over the past decade and has predicted a significant increment of the growth rate in the future. These sensors continuously generate enormous amounts of data. However, in order to add value to raw sensor data we need to understand it. Collection, modelling, reasoning, and distribution of context in relation to sensor data plays critical role in this challenge. Context-aware computing has proven to be successful in understanding sensor data. In this paper, we survey context awareness from an IoT perspective. We present the necessary background by introducing the IoT paradigm and context-aware fundamentals at the beginning. Then we provide an in-depth analysis of context life cycle. We evaluate a subset of projects (50) which represent the majority of research and commercial solutions proposed in the field of context-aware computing conducted over the last decade (2001-2011) based on our own taxonomy. Finally, based on our evaluation, we highlight the lessons to be learnt from the past and some possible directions for future research. The survey addresses a broad range of techniques, methods, models, functionalities, systems, applications, and middleware solutions related to context awareness and IoT. Our goal is not only to analyse, compare and consolidate past research work but also to appreciate their findings and discuss their applicability towards the IoT.

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Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey

Location sharing and tracking using mobile phones or other wireless devices

Internet of Things (IoT) has been growing rapidly due to recent advancements in communications and sensor technologies. Meanwhile, with this revolutionary transformation, researchers, implementers, deployers, and users are faced with many challenges. IoT is a complicated, crowded, and complex field; there are various types of devices, protocols, communication channels, architectures, middleware, and more. Standardization efforts are plenty, and this chaos will continue for quite some time. What is clear, on the other hand, is that IoT deployments are increasing with accelerating speed, and this trend will not stop in the near future. As the field grows in numbers and heterogeneity, “intelligence” becomes a focal point in IoT. Since data now becomes “big data,” understanding, learning, and reasoning with big data is paramount for the future success of IoT. One of the major problems in the path to intelligent IoT is understanding “context,” or making sense of the environment, situation, or status using data from sensors, and then acting accordingly in autonomous ways. This is called “context-aware computing,” and it now requires both sensing and, increasingly, learning, as IoT systems get more data and better learning from this big data. In this survey, we review the field, first, from a historical perspective, covering ubiquitous and pervasive computing, ambient intelligence, and wireless sensor networks, and then, move to context-aware computing studies. Finally, we review learning and big data studies related to IoT. We also identify the open issues and provide an insight for future study areas for IoT researchers.

Context-Aware Computing, Learning, and Big Data in Internet of Things: A Survey

A system and method for automatically providing content associated with captured information is described. In some examples, the system receives input by a user, and automatically provides content or links to content associated with the input. In some examples, the system receives input via text entry or by capturing text from a rendered document, such as a printed document, an object, an audio stream, and so on.

Automatically providing content associated with captured information, such as information captured in real-time

A device for capturing rendered text is described. The device incorporates one or more visual sensors that receive visual information as a part of capturing rendered text. The visual sensors are collectively capable of capturing both text that is permanently printed on a page, and text that is displayed transitorily on a dynamic device. The device further incorporates a visual information disposition subsystem for disposing of visual information received by the visual sensors. The device further incorporates a package that bears the visual sensors and the visual information disposition subsystem, and is suitable to be held in a human hand.

Handheld device for capturing text from both a document printed on paper and a document displayed on a dynamic display device

In an image scanner, a controller is responsive to a start command for line-scanning a document to produce a line-scan signal and providing a display of the line-scan signal on a viewing screen. While this sequence proceeds from a start position towards the end of a full scan, the user is allowed to reposition the document by viewing the screen if its orientation needs correction. The process continues until a stop command is produced or until the line-scan reaches the end of the full scan area, whichever is earlier. In response to the stop command, the controller restarts the line-scanning and display sequence from the start position to provide a full-scan of the material.

Scanning method and apparatus for pre-scanning document to allow manual adjustment of its orientation

In this paper, we propose a new framework for ubiquitous computing by rule-based, event-driven I/O (input/output) control devices Our approach is flexible and autonomous because it employs a behavior-description language based on ECA (Event, Condition, Action) rules with simple I/O control functions We have implemented a prototype ubiquitous device with connectors and several sensors to show the effectiveness of our approach

Ubiquitous Chip: A Rule-Based I/O Control Device for Ubiquitous Computing

In a communications network where first and second communication terminals are interconnected via a common communication medium such as a local area network, the terminals jointly establish an infrared light private communication link if they are brought close to each other. The first and second terminals communicate their network addresses to each other either via the local area network or via the private communication link, and establish a session between the communicated network addresses via the local area network if the strength of the infrared-light private communication link at the receiving end is higher than a decision threshold..

Network terminal with means for wirelessly establishing secure private link with external terminal

When compositing a plurality of acquired partial images, the effects of
differences in viewpoint contained in the partial images can be reduced, and a high
quality wide-viewfield image is inputted. An image input apparatus for photographing
parts of a field to be photographed while altering the photographic direction by rotating a
camera, projecting a plurality of partial images of the field to be photographed which are
obtained onto a projection surface, and based on the results of this projection,
conducting compositing on a composite image surface, and inputting the composite
image, wherein is provided an image compositing mechanism 009, which employs the
rotational center of the camera as the center of projection during the compositing of the
plurality of partial images, and which employs, as the projection point of a pixel of a
partial image, the intersection point between the projection surface which is established
in space and a straight line, which is parallel to a straight line connecting the viewpoint
of the camera and the pixel in the partial image in an image plane formed by the
plurality of partial images, and which passes through the rotational center of the camera.

Image input method, image input apparatus, and recording medium

A network session is established by a session establishment procedure in accordance with whether or not a difference in priority of session establishment exists among a plurality of terminals for which the network session is to be established Based on reserved connection information registered in a database, a network administration device for establishing a network session among a plurality of terminals uses a first session establishment procedure that treats all of the terminals in the same manner when there is no difference in the priority of session establishment among the plurality of terminals, and uses a second session establishment procedure that inquires and performs other operations in advance as to whether or not to establish a session with high-priority terminals and treats with priority the terminals of high-priority users when there is a difference in the priority of session establishment

Network session control system

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