Partial discharge (PD) measurement is an established condition monitoring technique used to facilitate the detection of incipient faults in high voltage electrical insulation systems such as gas-insulated switchgear and power transformers. By simultaneously recording partial discharge using both the IEC60270 'apparent charge' measurement technique and the more recent Radio Frequency method, which measures the energy radiated from the discharge, it is thought that more information can be gained about the nature of the PD source. Combined measurement has been carried out on various common PD source topologies recreated under laboratory conditions using PD test cells in a range of insulating media including SF6, oil and epoxy resin. Test cell geometries include floating electrodes, free particles and protrusions. By plotting apparent charge against the energy of the RF signal for a large number of PD pulses, the relationship between the two techniques can be quantified for a given test configuration. It has been found that the correlation between the two techniques produces characteristic patterns specific to each defect type. It is envisioned that combined RF/IEC measurements will contribute to a more widespread acceptance of the RF technique in terms of its ability to quantify PD severity by relating the RF energy to the more widely accepted IEC60270 pC level.

Simultaneous measurement of partial discharges using IEC60270 and radio-frequency techniques

Lehrbuch der Analysis Teil 1

High-voltage power transformers incorporate large quantities of insulation which is easily contaminated, and the dielectric strength is, in consequence, uncertain. This paper reports the results of electric-strength tests on transformer oil, alone and in combination with solid insulation, under various conditions. It is concluded that a major factor determining the maximum local oil stress at failure is the volume of oil under the highest stress, and that, from a knowledge of the failure-stress/volume characteristic for oil in uniform fields, the maximum local oil stress at failure for nonuniform fields can be predicted.

Electric strength of transformer insulation

A dynamic model for exposure of grounded objects to direct lightning strokes has been generalized to apply to buildings and massive structures. The model also applies to the mixed situation where a slender air terminal is installed on the top of a building to provide lightning protection. The basic elements of the model comprise a general criterion for continuous upward leader inception the validity of which is independent of the building or structure topology. This is followed by initiation of an upward leader trajectory which would either lead to a successful encounter with the negative downward leader through a final jump or to an aborted positive leader. Based on recent work published by the author, the model does not require any assumption regarding the ratio between the negative and positive leader speeds as has often been done previously. The modeling procedure has been facilitated through the use of dimensionless variables relating to the proximity effect of the building on space potential distribution, leader inception space potential, critical mean ambient ground field, and, finally, the attractive radius. A slender rod of the same height as the building is used as basis for comparison.

Modeling of Lightning Exposure of Buildings and Massive Structures

Using a newly developed measurement system, partial discharge (PD) activity has been recorded simultaneously on a pulse-by-pulse basis in terms of radiated radio frequency (RF) energy and the conducted apparent charge measured according to the IEC60270 standard. Two epoxy resin insulation samples containing voids have been activated separately and in parallel and the resulting PD was measured using the combined system. It has been shown that the combined measurement system has the ability to distinguish between discharges occurring simultaneously in each of the respective samples. This is evident in the appearance of separate clusters when the energy of the radio frequency discharge signal is plotted against the apparent charge for a large number of pulses. The identity of the defect producing each cluster has been confirmed by modelling the complete response of a gas-insulated-switchgear chamber to simulated Gaussian current pulses of known charge. The combined technique has also shown potential to distinguish between additional simultaneously active defects, including free metallic particles in oil. The combination of the two measurement systems may enable the classification of PD activity with a greater degree of confidence than conventional phase-resolved measurements allow when more than one defect is present.

Identification of simultaneously active partial discharge sources using combined radio frequency and IEC60270 measurement

Theory of dielectrics

Der Schutzbereich von Blitzableitern : neue Regeln für den Bau von Blitz-Fangvorrichtungen

Das regulierproblem in der Elektrotechnik

Lehrbuch der elektrischen Festigkeit der Isoliermaterialien

Elektromotorische Antriebe : Grundlagen für die Berechnung

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