Herbivorous insects can have a profound impact on plant growth performance. In some years, canopy damage in poplar plantations exceeds 50% of the total leaf surface, thereby possibly compromising carbon fixation and biomass yield. To assess the transcriptional response of elite poplar clones to insect feeding and to test whether this response varies between different genotypes, we performed an RNA-sequencing experiment. We deeply sequenced the transcriptomes of eight elite clones belonging to three poplar species (Populus trichocarpa, P. nigra and P. maximowiczii), under Phratora vitellinae feeding and control conditions. This allowed us to precisely quantify transcript levels of about 24,000 expressed genes. Our data reveal a striking overall up-regulation of gene expression under insect attack in all eight poplar clones studied. The up-regulated genes were markedly enriched for the biological process ‘regulation of transcription’ indicating a highly concerted restructuring of the transcriptome. A search for potential cis-regulatory elements (CREs) that may be involved in this process identified the G-box (CACGTG) as the most significant motif in the promoters of the induced genes. In line with the role of the G-box in jasmonate (JA)-mediated activation of gene expression by MYC2, several genes involved in JA biosynthesis and signaling were up-regulated in our dataset. A co-expression network analysis additionally highlighted WRKY transcription factors. Within the most prominent expression module, WRKYs were strongly overrepresented and occupied several network hubs. Finally, the insect-induced genes comprised several protein families known to be involved in plant defenses, e.g. cytochrome P450s, chitinases and protease inhibitors. Our data represent a comprehensive characterization of the transcriptional response of selected elite poplar clones to insect herbivory. Our results suggest that the concerted up-regulation of gene expression is controlled by JA signaling and WRKY transcription factors, and activates several defense mechanisms. Our data highlight potential targets of selection and may thus contribute to breeding insect-resistant poplar clones.

/pdf/rna-seq-of-eight-different-poplar-clones-reveals-conserved-4divam5f75.pdf

RNA-seq of eight different poplar clones reveals conserved up-regulation of gene expression in response to insect herbivory

This study analyses reduction potentials of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions in protein production with cattle herds using a sensitivity analysis leading to scenarios for practical agriculture. In particular, the effects of varied productive lifespans (number of lactations), diseases and anima 
losses, increased performance (milk yield, daily weight gain), amounts and types of mineral fertilizers applied, manure management (here restricted to biogas plants) were considered, as these measures are within the range of actions of a farmer and feasible. The survey describes a herd of 100
German Holstein cows with their offspring under steady state conditions. The absolute emissions of the herd as well as the protein-related emissions are quantified. Despite the fact that the main emission sources (for greenhouse gases: methane from enteric fermentation, for ammonia: emissions from animal houses) can hardly or not be altered, the effects reflecting improved production factors have a significant effect if combined. Thus, they may more than compensate the increased emissions resulting from the likely increase in milk yields in the next decade. Measures
evaluated result in reduced production areas, decreased 
nitrogen surpluses, improved nitrogen efficiencies and reduced emissions per unit of product (edible protein) – without additional expenses.

Gaseous emissions arising from protein production with German Holsteins - an analysis of the energy and mass flows of the entire production chain 2. Emissions and reduction potentials

In many cases, the assessment of measures to reduce emissions presupposes the screening of the entire production chain, i.e. the fattening of animals, the upstream piglet and feed production including the provision of fertilizer, water and energy carriers. This paper investigates how energy requirements as well as volatile solids and nitrogen excretions of animals in piglet production (young sows and boars as well as breeding sows and boars) can be described in as much detail as possible. Calculation procedures published in the literature are compared with those used in national emission reporting.
For young sows and boars, the procedures used in German emission reporting can be applied in a modified form, reflecting the animals’ gender. The module for breeding sows can be used but has to be applied to each single reproduction cycle. For breeding boars, their productive lifespan is the determining entity. The module described here allows for the variation of input parameters.

Energy requirements and excretion rates of pigs used for reproduction (young sows, young boars, breeding sows and boars) – a compilation and assessment of models

Konfektionierung (Vermahlen, Pelletieren, Expandieren) und Zusammensetzung der Futter haben Einfluss auf die Emissionen von Treibhausgasen (THG) und Ammoniak (NH3) der gesamten Produktionskette. Umfangreiche Futterungsversuche wurden ausgewertet, um Emissionen der Tierhaltung mit Futterpflanzenbau, Mineraldungerherstellung, Kalkgewinnung, Bereitstellung von Wasser und Energie zu quantifizieren und Reduktionspotenziale zu erkennen.
Die Emissionen je Tier sind wesentlich von der Menge des aufgenommenen Futters bestimmt, die allerdings von der Konfektionierung beeinflusst wird. Mit Ausnahme der Pelletierung sind die auf die Lebendmassezunahmen der Tiere bezogenen Emissionen vergleichsweise wenig durch die Konfektionierung beeinflusst. Pelletierung wirkt in jedem Fall emissionsmindernd (bei Mastschweinen etwa 5 %, bei Broilern fast 20 % der auf die Massezunahme bezogenen THG-Emissionen bzw. 7 und 11 % der entsprechenden NH3-Emissionen). Die auf die Konfektionierung der Futter unmittelbar 
zuruckzufuhrenden Emissionen fallen aber bei Betrachtung der Gesamtemissionen kaum ins Gewicht. Beide Tierarten haben unterschiedliche Emissionsmuster hinsichtlich der Stoffe und der Entstehungsorte, die durch die Lagerung der Exkremente gekennzeichnet sind. Die Anspruche an das Stallklima bei Broilern fuhren zu erheblichen THGEmissionen durch die Bereitstellung elektrischer Energie.
Der vermehrte Einsatz heimischer Futtermittel ist hinsichtlich der Emissionen nicht vorteilhaft.

/pdf/der-einfluss-der-futterkonfektionierung-bei-mastschweinen-4hak7k9ow7.pdf

Der Einfluss der Futterkonfektionierung bei Mastschweinen und Broilern auf die Emission von Treibhausgasen und Ammoniak - Betrachtung der gesamten Produktionskette

Zur Feststellung und Bewertung emissionsmindernder Masnahmen
(Ammoniak, Treibhausgase) beim Herdenmanagement
von Zuchtsauen wurde zunachst ein detailliertes
Sauenmodell erstellt, das variable Lebendmassen, Zuwachse,
Ferkelzahlen und -massen berucksichtigt. Fur wichtige
Konstanten (Umrechnung auf Leerkorpermassen, Massen
der Konzeptionsprodukte, Ferkelzahlen als Funktion der
Wurfnummer, Nutzungsdauer definiert als Zahl realisierter
Wurfe) wurden aus der Literatur plausible Werte abgeleitet.
Berechnet wurden die emissionsrelevanten Ausscheidungen
der Zuchtsauen, der notwendigen Jungsauen und
Aufzuchtferkel (Methan aus der Verdauung, organische
Masse sowie Stickstoff insgesamt und Stickstoff im Harn).
Die Modellrechnungen ergaben, dass eine Minderung
der Verluste bei den Zuchtsauen, d. h. eine grosere maximal
realisierbare Wurfzahl, nur fur Methan zu einer (allerdings
insgesamt unerheblichen) Minderung der Emissionen je
abgesetztem Ferkel fuhrt. Ein deutlicherer Effekt ist bei den
Ausscheidungen der organischen Masse zu beobachten, von
denen die Methan-Emissionen aus dem Lager abhangen. Die
Ammoniak-Emissionen sind den Mengen an ausgeschiedenem
Harn-Stickstoff proportional. Hier sind oberhalb der
derzeit bereits ublichen maximalen Wurfzahl nur geringe
Anderungen zu erwarten.

Hat die Nutzungsdauer von Zuchtsauen in der Ferkelerzeugung Einfluss auf die Ammoniak- und Treibhausgas-Emissionen?

The formation of ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases
(GHG) related to pork production is scrutinized in a fictitious
enterprise that comprises 1,000 fattening places, the affiliated piglet and basic breeding herds as well as the herds of
purebred grandparent animals. It also provides the necessary feed production as well as the provision of mineral fertilizers, lime, energy and water. Production conditions in the
model reflect the situation in Thuringen (Thuringia), Germany.
The most important NH3 sources are animal houses and
mineral fertilizer application. GHG emissions arise mainly
from feed production, in particular from the release of nitrous
oxide. Within animal production itself, the majority of emissions are attributed to the fattening stage. They exceed those
from piglet production. Emissions from basic breeding herds
are almost negligible. However, it is inadequate to restrict
estimates only to the fattening stage. Our results show clearly that potential emission reduction measures have to take
the entire production chain into account.

Pork production in Thuringia – management effects on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions. 1. Depiction of the state in 2015

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Pork production in Thuringia – management effects on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions. 1. Depiction of the state in 2015