http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mswool/publications/cofire_prog_official_reprint.pdf

Co-firing of coal and biomass fuel blends

Pollutants from the combustion of solid biomass fuels

At present, 50% (w/w) carbon is widely promulgated as a generic value for wood; however, the literature yields few data and indicates that very little research has actually been done. C contents in heartwood of forty-one softwood and hardwood species were determined. C in kiln-dried hardwood species ranged from 46.27% to 49.97% (w/w), in conifers from 47.21% to 55.2%. The higher C in conifers agrees with their higher lignin content (∼30%, versus ∼20% for hardwoods). Wood-meal samples drilled from discrete early wood and late wood zones of seven of the forty-one species were also investigated. C contents of early woods were invariably higher than those in corresponding late woods, again in agreement with early wood having higher lignin content. Further investigation was made into freshly harvested wood of some species to determine how much volatile C is present, comparing oven-dried wood meal with wood meal dried at ambient temperature over a desiccant. C contents of oven-dried woods were significantly lower, indicating that all past data on C content in oven- or kiln-dried woods may be inaccurate in relation to the true C content of forests. We conclude that C content varies substantially among species as well as within individual trees. Clearly, a 50% generic value is an oversimplification of limited application in relation to global warming and the concept of “carbon credits”.

A reassessment of carbon content in wood: variation within and between 41 North American species

Cofiring, the practice of supplementing a base fuel with a dissimilar fuel, is an extension of fuel blending practices common to the solid fuels community. Recently, there has been considerable emphasis on cofiring biomass opportunity fuels with coal in pulverized coal (PC) and cyclone boilers owned and operated by electricity generating utilities in order to address such issues as potential portfolio standards, voluntary actions to reduce fossil CO2 emissions, customer service, and the generation of green power within the context of deregulation. Biomass fuels considered for cofiring include wood waste, short rotation woody crops, short rotation herbaceous crops (e.g., switchgrass), alfalfa stems, various types of manure, landfill gas and wastewater treatment gas. Of these, the solid biofuels such as sawdust, urban wood waste and switchgrass have received the most attention. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), along with the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), GPU Genco, Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), Central and South West Utilities (CS this agreement was extensively supported by the energy efficiency and renewable energy (EERE) element of USDOE. European cofiring programs also have been extensive and include gasification-based cofiring in Lahti, Finland and straw cofiring in Denmark. Three general techniques comprise the cofiring technology family: blending the biomass and coal in the fuel handling system and feeding that blend to the boiler; preparing the biomass fuel separately from coal, and injecting it into the boiler without impacting the conventional coal delivery system; and gasifying the biomass with subsequent combustion of the producer gas in either a boiler or a combined cycle combustion turbine (CCCT) generating plant. Commercialization has proceeded on the direct combustion approaches to cofiring, beginning with engineering and economic studies, parametric testing and the construction of demonstration projects. The direct combustion cofiring techniques are now ready for commercial deployment. This paper reviews the key projects, and details some of the influences of cofiring on the combustion process.

Biomass cofiring: the technology, the experience, the combustion consequences

http://marioloureiro.net/ciencia/ignicao_vegt/ragla91a.pdf

Properties of wood for combustion analysis.

Wood Combustion: Principles, Processes, and Economics

Incineration of Municipal and Hazardous Solid Wastes

Office and retail interior fittings have a relatively short service life of 5-7 years. In this context, composite materials are often used, hindering possibilities of reuse or recycling. This research explores novel bio-composite materials and subsequently a construction method for CO2-neutral, circular interior fittings for office spaces. Based on the potential of fungal mycelium as a rapidly renewable, regenerative, affordable, low-carbon building material, bio-composite construction methods are explored in conjunction with timber-based additive manufacturing using continuous fibres. As mycelium has potentially excellent sound-absorbing properties but low load-bearing capacity, composite construction of timber veneer and mycelium allows to increase the structural capabilities of resulting components, while relying entirely on bio-based value chains. We describe the production process as well as the material development, including robotically aided processes for additive manufacturing of veneer reinforcement grids and compatibility studies of different mycelial species and substrates, and their bonding capabilities with veneer. We further present initial results on the mechanical characterization of the composite material, and its comparison to conventional mycelium composites. Minimal structural, acoustic, and functional requirements for different interior fitting elements are studied and compared to the characteristics of the proposed composite, highlighting the range of applications of the presented wood-mycelium composites.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012068

HOME: Wood-Mycelium Composites for CO2-Neutral, Circular Interior Construction and Fittings

Chapter 2 – properties of wood fuels

Chapter 4 – the process of wood combustion

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