How many bits per picture element does a display need?" For the display resolutions now commonly in use, only 4 bits per picture element (pel) are needed for the display of monochrome images. A total of 8 bits per pel are needed for color images. These conclusions are based both on experiment and on the theoretical model of the visual system in which the detectors in the eye are treated as simple photon-detectors. The results are applicable to "natural" images and also to computer- generated images. A particular 8-bit color encoding scheme is described that also has the advantage that natural images are displayable on monochrome displays.

http://speleotrove.com/misc/cowlishaw1985-fundamental.pdf

Fundamental requirements for picture presentation

The x-ray photon energies that give the highest signal-to-noise ratios per unit of exposure or average dose in mammography are significantly greater than those used in current film/screen systems. Optimum photon energies for detection of calcifications in a range of thicknesses of water and fat were calculated. Soft-tissue targets were also considered. Comparison of the theoretical results and those obtained experimentally with the Stanton mammography phantom indicate that operation at less than optimum photon energies is a major cause of inefficiency in film/screen mammography. On the other hand, electrostatic imaging systems, because of their processing flexibility, can operate at the optimum photon energy levels, thus minimizing either dose or exposure.

Optimization of electrostatic imaging systems for minimum patient dose or minimum exposure in mammography.

In this chapter, we consider how medical images may be evaluated in terms of the information they provide to human observers. Much of this book discusses what is known about the registration and interpretation of visual data within the human visual system. This knowledge, the product of a large psychophysical and neurophysiological literature, is fundamental to any attempt to characterize imagery: it specifies the dimensions, properties, and aspects of images that are informative. An understanding of visual perception should educate our attempts to characterize images by means of physical measurements. Beyond this, the psychophysical literature provides a family of methodologies for assessing diagnostic performance of imaging systems in which human observers serve as pattern recognizers. Psychophysical methods assess psychological response to variation in physical stimuli. These procedures can be applied even where little is known about the underlying recognition process itself or where the physics of the imaging process is not well understood. The best known and most widely used psychophysical method in medical imaging research generates receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The second part of this chapter is devoted to an introduction to current use of these methods.

Physical and Psychophysical Measurement of Images

: In Figure 1.1, the soldier is using an imaging sensor, hoping to quickly identify whether the tank is a threat, This report describes a model which predicts the probability that he connectly identifies the target. The problem is tackled in two parts. First, the soldier's quality of vision when using the sensor and display is quantified. Most of the report is devoted to this topic. Second, the relationship between quality of vision and peforming a visual task, such as identifying the tank, is discussed.

/pdf/the-targeting-task-performance-ttp-metric-a-new-model-for-4cug1ofe0z.pdf

The Targeting Task Performance (TTP) Metric A New Model for Predicting Target Acquisition Performance

The purpose of an electrooptical display system is to convert electrical messages into luminous messages for transmittal to the retina of the eye. In the retina photodetection occurs and the signal processing is initiated which, continued in the brain, permits the observer to make decisions based on the acquired visual sensory information. The overall performance of this display-observer system is measured by the probability of the observer making a correct decision in a given visual task. Clearly the overall performance depends on the interaction between the parameters of the display and eye and on the parameters of the human visual system as well as on the parameters of the display itself. Therefore the choice of display design parameters to ensure optimum overall performance depends on a clear understanding of the operation of the visual sensory system and the interaction between it and the display.

Analysis of Noise-Required Contrast and Modulation in Image-Detecting and Display Systems

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Analysis of Noise-Required Contrast and Modulation in Image-Detecting and Display Systems