Potential of fat, oil and grease (FOG) for biodiesel production: A critical review on the recent progress and future perspectives

Recently, the interest in converting waste cooking oils (WCOs) to raw materials has grown exponentially. The driving force of such a trend is mainly represented by the increasing number of WCO applications, combined with the definition, in many countries, of new regulations on waste management. From an industrial perspective, the simple chemical composition of WCOs make them suitable as valuable chemical building blocks, in fuel, materials, and lubricant productions. The sustainability of such applications is sprightly related to proper recycling procedures. In this context, the development of new recycling processes, as well as the optimization of the existing ones, represents a priority for applied chemistry, chemical engineering, and material science. With the aim of providing useful updates to the scientific community involved in vegetable oil processing, the current available technologies for WCO recycling are herein reported, described, and discussed. In detail, two main types of WCO treatments will be considered: chemical transformations, to exploit the chemical functional groups present in the waste for the synthesis of added value products, and physical treatments as extraction, filtration, and distillation procedures. The first part, regarding chemical synthesis, will be connected mostly to the production of fuels. The second part, concerning physical treatments, will focus on bio-lubricant production. Moreover, during the description of filtering procedures, a special focus will be given to the development and applicability of new materials and technologies for WCO treatments.

/pdf/available-technologies-and-materials-for-waste-cooking-oil-fi61tjzl6f.pdf

Available Technologies and Materials for Waste Cooking Oil Recycling

The sustainable processing approach has been followed to transform the potato peel as the potential source for bio-oil and green heterogeneous catalysts. The byproduct (biochar) obtained from the thermochemical conversion was reused as a green, renewable and sustainable source for heterogeneous catalysts. The alkali and alkaline-rich biochar was recovered and transformed into bio-based mixed metal oxide and carbonates through calcination. The catalyst was characterized with the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, X-Ray Diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The best operating temperature for pyrolysis was found to be 500°C, which produced the highest bio-oil (23.60%) and relatively high bio-char (29.50%). The synthesized catalyst showed high catalytic activity due to high potassium content (36.54%) in oxide and carbonate form. The maximum oil conversion (97.50%) was obtained using the optimized parameters: temperature 60 °C; 9:1 methanol to oil ratio; time 2 h, and catalyst loading 3 wt%. The integrated catalyst synthesizing method helped to valorize the food waste to high value-added products like biochar and bio-oil, which have the property of fuel and platform chemicals. Moreover, as the catalyst is derived from biomass, it is more environmentally benign, sustainable, and recyclable. • Potato peel is utilized as a potential source of bio-oil and biochar. • The biochar is used as a highly efficient green source for heterogeneous catalyst. • Biochar was transformed into a mixed metal oxide catalyst by calcination at 700 °C. • 97.5% of FAME conversion was achieved under optimum conditions using PPBC. • The catalyst was reused multiple times without significant loss in the activity. 

Potato peels as a sustainable source for biochar, bio-oil and a green heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production

Abstract In the present study, Calcium oxide (CaO) obtained from eggshells has been used as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from highly viscous non-edible rubber seed oil (RSO). Characterization of synthesized catalyst was done with the help of scanning electron microscope equipped with Energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the process parameters and 1H-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy analysis was performed to find the conversion of RSO to biodiesel. A conversion of 99.7% of RSO to biodiesel was obtained at 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 4 (wt%) of catalyst, and 3 hour reaction time with a quadratic regression model of R2 of value 0.9566 was obtained. The composition of prepared biodiesel is estimated with the help of Gas Chromatogram-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was also trained to predict biodiesel conversion and the value of R2 obtained was 0.9976. It was observed that predicted conversion values from ANN were better when compared to prediction using RSM.

/pdf/biodiesel-production-from-rubber-seed-oil-using-calcium-biwlr0cmwa.pdf

Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies

Lesser-polluting and carbon-efficient systems are the new standards of energy, globally. Biodiesel is an excellent bioenergy source due to its industrial feasibility and engine adaptability. However, biodiesel resource inventory still lacks feedstock flexibility on a commercial scale and mostly relies on vegetable oils for production. This creates a problem regarding allotment of resources for biodiesel production, at the cost of the food supply. An alternative is to consider the low-grade non-edible sources of oil, which contain high free fatty acids such as the crude vegetable oil refining rejects and waste cooking oil. To make it worst, the surplus crude glycerol glut is caused by the increased biodiesel production. Crude glycerol is refined for numerous other purposes such as for chemical synthesis. However, re-routing the crude glycerol in-situ for the pre-treatment of low-grade feedstock is suggested as one of the ways in increasing biodiesel profitability and sustainability. This review is focused on the use of glycerolysis reaction as a method of reducing free fatty acids content. A broad spectrum of different catalysts such as enzymatic, homogeneous and heterogeneous, as well as hybrid systems, was reviewed and discussed. Based on the findings, suggestions regarding the development of the glycerolysis reaction were made. In comparison to the homogeneous catalyst, more yield at the increased residence time is obtained for the heterogeneous catalyst. However, leaching, thermal degradation and swelling are the known problems of the heterogeneous catalysts, while product separation is a challenge with homogeneous catalysts. Development of homogenous-based catalysts is suggested as a focus for future studies in glycerolysis reactions.

Glycerolysis of free fatty acids: A review

Abstract Influence of the process parameters for the industrially relevant reaction of free fatty acid (FFA) with glycerol is investigated. Furthermore, several drying techniques are investigated and a novel method is suggested that can provide more realistic experimental conditions. Silica as an absorbent is found to be a more suitable method for water removal than distillation or carrier gas. Using response surface methodology, important parameters are identified and optimal conditions found. Empirical correlation is developed to account for the most important parameters. Both oil:glycerol ratio and temperature have optimal values for which the highest conversion can be achieved. Interestingly, the highest conversion can be obtained at 220°C; above this temperature the conversion decreases. It is found that the influence of oil:glycerol ratio also exhibits anomalous behavior, where conversion is constant and decreases above a certain value. At optimal conditions, the FFA is reduced to 1.6% from the initial 8.6%.

/pdf/reduction-of-free-fatty-acids-in-waste-oil-for-biodiesel-1mh30narc1.pdf

Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters

In manipulation and utilization of biodiesel and its mixtures, especially in the winter period, one of the most serious problems is relatively poor low-temperature flow properties. Classic methods of transesterification solve this problem, so biodiesel quality can be improved only by additives (cold flow improvers). This research examines the effect of commercial additives on the improvement of low-temperature characteristics of biodiesel. Namely, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), pour point (PP) and cloud point (CP) were tested in accordance with EN 116 and ISO 3015 standards. The influence of additives on different types of biodiesel, its different age and influence on the mixture of 5 % biodiesel and fossil diesel were examined. A better effect of additivation to "fresh" biodiesel (made using rapeseed oil), compared to "aged" biodiesel was noted. Improvement of additivation was achieved by mixing additives with an organic solvent (toluene). It was demonstrated that different types of additives are suitable for different types of biodiesel as well as mixtures of biodiesel and fossil diesel. Additives in which solvent is compatible with the type of biodiesel were found to exhibit better performance.

/pdf/improvement-of-low-temperature-characteristics-of-biodiesel-3tvwfb55ms.pdf

Improvement of low-temperature characteristics of biodiesel by additivation

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Reduction of free fatty acids in waste oil for biodiesel production by glycerolysis: investigation and optimization of process parameters

Improvement of low-temperature characteristics of biodiesel by additivation