As the previous chapter indicates, there has been a significant shift in advanced economies from manufacturing to information and knowledge services. Knowledge itself is growing ever more specialized and expanding exponentially. Information and communication technology is transforming the nature of how work is conducted and the meaning of social relationships. Decentralized decision making, information sharing, teamwork, and innovation are key in today’s enterprises. No longer can students look forward to middle class success in the conduct of manual labor or use of routine skills – work that can be accomplished by machines. Rather, whether a technician or a professional person, success lies in being able to communicate, share, and use information to solve complex problems, in being able to adapt and innovate in response to new demands and changing circumstances, in being able to marshal and expand the power of technology to create new knowledge, and in expanding human capacity and productivity.

Defining Twenty-First Century Skills

The way we define learning and what we believe about the way learning occurs has important implications for situations in which we want to facilitate changes in what people know and/ or do. Learning theories provide instructional designers with verified instructional strategies and techniques for facilitating learning as well as a foundation for intelligent strategy selection. Yet many designers are operating under the constraints of a limited theoretical background. This paper is an attempt to familiarize designers with three relevant positions on learning (behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist) which provide structured foundations for planning and conducting instructional design activities. Each learning perspective is discussed in terms of its specific interpretation of the learning process and the resulting implications for instructional designers and educational practitioners. The information presented here provides the reader with a comparison of these three different viewpoints and illustrates how these differences might be translated into practical applications in instructional situations.

/pdf/behaviorism-cognitivism-constructivism-comparing-critical-bu444s745x.pdf

Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective.

93 empirical studies on learning to teach were reviewed in order to establish what is currently known about how people learn to teach and to critique the quality of the reporting of that research. Among other observations concerning teacher education, the review highlights the tensions between the hopes and expectations of teacher educators and the expectations and experiences of beginning teachers. While this review supports the findings of others that many traditional programs of teacher education have little effect upon the firmly held beliefs of the beginning teachers, it also provides examples of successful programs. Such programs typically build upon the beliefs of pre service teachers and feature systematic and consistent long-term support in a collaborative setting. It is concluded that this body of research has advanced the field in significant ways, offering new directions for research and program reform. The critique of the papers themselves reveals that authors need to pay more careful attenti...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/1170752

A Critical Analysis of the Research on Learning to Teach: Making the Case for an Ecological Perspective on Inquiry

Currently, considerable debate focuses on whether mind is located in the head or in the individual-in-social-action, and whether development is cognitive self-organization or enculturation into established practices. In this article, I question assumptions that initiate this apparent forced choice between constructivist and sociocultural perspectives. I contend that the two perspectives are complementary. Also, claims that either perspective captures the essence of people and communities should be rejected for pragmatic justifications that consider the contextual relevance and usefulness of a perspective. I argue that the sociocultural perspective informs theories of the conditions far the possibility of learning, whereas theories developed from the constructivist perspective focus on what students learn and the processes by which they do so.

Where Is the Mind? Constructivist and Sociocultural Perspectives on Mathematical Development

espanolEl documento describe el marco competencia digital desarrollado por EC CCI IPTS en nombre de la Direccion General de Educacion y Cultura con el objetivo general de contribuir a la mejor comprension y el desarrollo de la competencia digital en Europa. La competencia digital es una de las ocho competencias clave para el aprendizaje permanente y es esencial para la participacion en nuestra sociedad cada vez mas digitalizada. Por lo tanto, es necesario entender y definir lo que es la competencia digital y consiste en. El documento analiza varios aspectos de la competencia digital en primer lugar diferenciandolo de otros conceptos similares o coincidentes, luego discutir las implicaciones de la evolucion historica del termino, finalmente detallando el marco competencia digital en sus partes constituyentes. El marco de competencia digital propuesto consta de 21 competencias divididas en 5 zonas. Para cada competencia se preven tres niveles de competencia. Se discuten las aplicaciones actuales y posibles del marco. EnglishThe paper describes the digital competence framework developed by EC JRC IPTS on behalf of DG Education and Culture with the overall aim to contribute to the better understanding and development of digital competence in Europe. Digital competence is one of the eight key competences for lifelong learning and is essential for participation in our increasingly digitalised society. It is therefore necessary to understand and define what digital competence is and consists of. The paper discusses various aspects of digital competence firstly differentiating it from other similar or overlapping concepts, then discussing the implication of the historic evolution of the term, finally detailing the digital competence framework in its constituting parts. The proposed digital competence framework consists of 21 competences divided in 5 areas. For each competence three proficiency levels are foreseen. Current and possible applications of the framework are discussed.

/pdf/digcomp-a-framework-for-developing-and-understanding-digital-15gg19vuja.pdf

DIGCOMP: A Framework for Developing and Understanding Digital Competence in Europe.

International Encyclopedia of Education

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International Encyclopedia of Education