to many, however, it constantly appears as an instructional problem. The final two chapters serve as excellent summary statements. Chapter 13 emphasizes the application of previous text material to the classroom situation. Of great significance is the author's discussion of commonly defined independent, dependent, and moderator variables. The final chapter focuses on evaluation in the overall sense, particularly as it relates to programs of study. The principles of measurement and research design are applied to the evaluation process through several ex-

Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application:

Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review

http://libir.tmu.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/43034/1/4.pdf

Review of second-order models for adsorption systems.

Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: A review

Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal – A review

The adsorption kinetics of the cationic dye, methylene blue, onto clay.

Dyes and pigments are the most important colorants used to add a color or to change the color of something. They are widely used in the textile, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, plastics, paint, ink, photographic and paper industries. Dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution during the application process and impart color by selective absorption of light. Pigments are colored, colorless, or fluorescent particulate organic or inorganic finely divided solids which are usually insoluble in, and essentially chemically unaffected by, the vehicle or medium in which they are incorporated. On the other hand, the color, which is highly dependent on the chemical and physical properties of a matter, is a result of the interaction between light and substance. This chapter is focused on the chemical and structural properties of dyes and pigments, as well as the relationship between light and color.

Dyes and Pigments: Their Structure and Properties

Adsorptive removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions using raw and calcinated dolomite.

Adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solutions by activated carbon

The adsorption mechanism of the cationic methylene blue dye to the abundant and inexpensive lignite as an adsorbent from aqueous solutions was investigated as a function of ionic strength, pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, contact time and stirring speed. The adsorption capacity increased with the increasing temperature, initial dye concentration, pH and ionic strength, although it was not affected by the stirring speed. The value of zeta potential decreased with the increasing pH. Experimental adsorption data were modelled by different equilibrium isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), BET, Halsey, Harkins–Jura, Smith and Henderson isotherms. The adsorption process fitted well to pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir model. Activation energy of the adsorption processes was found to be 49.81 kJ mol −1 initial dye concentration of 80 mg L −1 using the Arrhenius equation, indicating the strong electrostatic interactions between the adsorbent and dye. The isosteric enthalpy and entropy changes were calculated as 58.19 kJ mol −1 and −0.186 kJ mol −1  K −1 , respectively, indicating that the adsorption process was endothermic and the orderliness of the adsorption system slightly decreases with adsorption of methylene blue molecules to the lignite surface. FT-IR results revealed that several functional groups on the coal surface are responsible for methylene blue adsorption. The observed differences in the reflection of the SEM images of lignite and methylene blue adsorbed lignite are due to the presence of methylene blue, which was adsorbed. BET isotherm and nitrogen-adsorption–desorption isotherms analysis results implied that lignite is a heteroporous material exhibiting microporous properties.

Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using by untreated lignite as potential low-cost adsorbent: Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium approach

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