The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

The synergism of large surface area, multiscale porous structure, and good conductivity endows hierarchical carbon nanocages with high-level supercapacitive performances. Further nitrogen doping greatly improves the hydrophilicity, which boosts the supercapacitive performances to an ultrahigh specific capacitance of up to 313 F g(-1) at 1 A g(-1).

Hydrophilic hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbonnanocages for ultrahigh supercapacitive performance

Recent advances and challenges in biomass-derived porous carbon nanomaterials for supercapacitors

A review on biomass-derived activated carbon as electrode materials for energy storage supercapacitors

As an energy conversion and storage system, supercapacitors have received extensive attention due to their larger specific capacity, higher energy density, and longer cycle life. It is one of the key new energy storage products developed in the 21st century. However, the performance of supercapacitors is limited by its electrode materials and electrolytes. At the same time, with the application of supercapacitors in electric vehicles and renewable energy systems, thermal safety issues have become increasingly prominent. A proper thermal management system can control the temperature of the supercapacitor module during charging and discharging, which is crucial to ensure the performance and safety of the energy storage system. Among various cooling technologies, phase change material (PCM) has been widely used due to its simple structure, good cooling effect, and no additional energy consumption. In this paper, the principle, characteristics, electrode material types, electrolyte types and research progress of PCM materials in supercapacitor thermal management systems are reviewed. Finally, an overview of the current application of supercapacitors is pointed out, and the future development direction is prospected. 

A comprehensive review of supercapacitors: Properties, electrodes, electrolytes and thermal management systems based on phase change materials

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2049/1/012035/pdf

Matoa Fruit peel-based Activated Carbon and its Application as an Electrode Materials in Supercapacitor Devices

The Effects of Different Activation Agents on the Physical and Electrochemical Properties of Carbon Electrodes Produced from Banana Stem Fiber

Effect of Chemical Activation on the Physical Properties of Activated Carbon from Banana Empty Fruit Bunches as Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Study of the influence of different activator agents on the dimensions, mass, volume, and density of activated carbon monoliths for large-scale practical applications

An Optimization Method to Determine Optimum Carbonization Temperature of Banana Stems Based Activated Carbon for Supercapacitors

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