Introduction. Ecologically Meaningful Germination Studies. Types of Seed Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Nondeep Physiological Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Morphophysiological Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Physical Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds in the Persistent Seed Bank. Causes of Within-Species Variations in Seed Dormancy and Germination Characteristics. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Tropical and Subtropical Zones. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones. Germination Ecology of Plants with Specialized Life Cycles and/or Habitats. Biogeographical and Evolutionary Aspects of Seed Dormancy. Subject Index.

A Definitive Book on Seed Ecology@@@Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination

Halophytes are plants which naturally survive in saline environment. They account for ∼1% of the total flora of the world. They include both dicots and monocots and are distributed mainly in arid, semi-arid inlands and saline wet lands along the tropical and sub-tropical coasts. Salinity tolerance in halophytes depends on a set of ecological and physiological characteristics that allow them to grow and flourish in high saline conditions. The ability of halophytes to tolerate high salt is determined by the effective coordination between various physiological processes, metabolic pathways and protein or gene networks responsible for delivering salinity tolerance. The salinity responsive proteins belong to diverse functional classes such as photosynthesis, redox homeostasis; stress/defense, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, protein metabolism, signal transduction and membrane transport. The important metabolites which are involved in salt tolerance of halophytes are proline and proline analog (4-hydroxy-N-methyl proline), glycine betaine, pinitol, myo-inositol, mannitol, sorbitol, O-methylmucoinositol, and polyamines. In halophytes, the synthesis of specific proteins and osmotically active metabolites control ion and water flux and support scavenging of oxygen radicals under salt stress condition. The present review summarizes the salt tolerance mechanisms of halophytes by elucidating the recent studies that have focused on proteomic, metabolomic, and ionomic aspects of various halophytes in response to salinity. By integrating the information from halophytes and its comparison with glycophytes could give an overview of salt tolerance mechanisms in halophytes, thus laying down the pavement for development of salt tolerant crop plants through genetic modification and effective breeding strategies.

/pdf/proteomics-metabolomics-and-ionomics-perspectives-of-1tcud9onmx.pdf

Proteomics, metabolomics, and ionomics perspectives of salinity tolerance in halophytes

Germination strategies of halophyte seeds under salinity

Salinization is increasing on a global scale, decreasing average yields for most major crop plants. Investigations into salt resistance have, unfortunately, mainly been focused on conventional crops, with few studies screening the potential of available halophytes as new crops. This study has been carried out to investigate the mechanisms used by quinoa, a facultative halophytic species, in order to cope with high salt levels at various stages of its development. Quinoa is regarded as one of the crops that might sustain food security in this century, grown primarily for its edible seeds with their high protein content and unique amino acid composition. Although the species has been described as a facultative halophyte, and its tolerance to salt stress has been investigated, its physiological and molecular responses to seawater (SW) and other salts have not been studied. We evaluated the effects of SW and different salts on seed germination, seedling emergence and the antioxidative pathway of quinoa. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes and seedlings grown in pots with SW solutions (25, 50, 75 and 100 %) and NaCl, CaCl2, KCl and MgCl2 individually, at the concentrations in which they are present in SW. Our results demonstrated that all salts, at lower concentrations, increased the germination rate but not the germination percentages, compared with control (pure water). Conversely, seedlings were differently affected by treatments in respect to salt type and concentration. Growth parameters affected were root and shoot length, root morphology, fresh and dry weight, and water content. An efficient antioxidant mechanism was present in quinoa, activated by salts during germination and early seedling growth, as shown by the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Total antioxidant capacity was always higher under salt stress than in water. Moreover, osmotic and ionic stress factors had different degrees of influence on germination and development.

/pdf/effect-of-saline-water-on-seed-germination-and-early-4eoi8en6b2.pdf

Effect of saline water on seed germination and early seedling growth of the halophyte quinoa.

The influences of non-thermal discharge plasma treatment on wheat seed germination and seedling growth were investigated using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. DBD plasma with various gas sources (oxygen, air, argon, and nitrogen) was employed in this study. Germination characteristics, seedling growth parameters, surface changes of the seed coat, permeability, and soluble protein of the seedlings were measured after the DBD plasma treatments. The experimental results showed that moderate-intensity DBD plasma had active impacts on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. Germination potential significantly increased by 24.0, 28.0, and 35.5% after 4 min of the air plasma, nitrogen plasma, and argon plasma treatments, respectively, compared with the control; and the shoot and root length also increased; however, no enhancement was observed after the oxygen plasma treatment. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that etching effects on the seed coat occurred after the air plasma, nitrogen plasma, and argon plasma treatments, which affected the hygroscopicity and permeability of the wheat seed. In addition, moderate-intensity DBD plasma could also activate several physiological reactions in wheat seed, resulting in the increase of soluble protein production in wheat seedlings.

Enhancement of Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat Seed Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma with Various Gas Sources

Role of calcium in alleviating effect of salinity on germination of Phragmites karka seeds

Seed germination of salt tolerant grasses, which could serve as non-conventional fodder/forage crop for saline land is more sensitive to salinity than dicotyledonous halophytes. Phragmites karka (Retz.). Steud., is a perennial halophytic grass, distributed in marshy places around Karachi. To determine tolerance limits of germination, we conducted germination experiments in NaCl and sea salt (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 & 50 dS m -1 ) at alternating temperature regimes (10:20, 15:25, 20:30 and 25:35 o C) for 12h: 12h light: dark period & 24- h dark photoperiod. Increase in salinity substantially inhibited seed germination both in NaCl and sea salt. Germination in light was higher in comparison to dark. Effect of NaCl in general was not significantly different from sea salt and optimal germination percentages were obtained at 20:30 o C. However, NaCl prevented more seeds from germination at 25:35 o C in comparison to sea salt. Ungerminated seeds were transferred from salinity to distilled water after 20 days and the highest percentage of recovery was at 50 dS m -1 both in NaCl (20:30 o C) and sea salt (10:20 o C & 20:30 o C). Increase in salinity significantly inhibited seed viability and lowest viable seeds were obtained at highest salinity.

Comparative effect of nacl and sea salt on germination of halophytic grass phragmites karka at different temperature regimes

The effect of chloride and sulfate salts of Na + , K + and Mg 2+ on seed germination of a halophytic grass Phragmites karka was studied under different dark/light conditions and a range of temperature regimes. Seeds germinated better at 20/30oC and their germination decreased with increases in salinity. This reduction in germination could be attributed to specific ion toxicity as well as variable osmotic stress due to the composition of salts. Among cations, K + was generally most toxic followed by Mg 2+ and Na + but such generalizations could not be made in case of anions. Potassium sulfate was inhibitory than Mg 2+ salts for seed germination. A better germination recovery from salt stress was found in 10/20oC. More seeds recovered when transferred from NaCl to distilled water at all temperature regimes. Seeds treated with magnesium sulfate showed better recovery at 10/20 oC, while recovery in Na2SO4 and MgCl2 treated seeds was better in moderate temperatures. The salts did not affect viability of seeds which probably entered into dormancy.

Interactive effect of salt, light and temperature on seed germination and recovery of a halophytic grass - phragmites karka

Grasses on the Pakistani coast are moderately to highly salt tolerant and have potential for utilization as a cash crop. This study was designed to determine whether seed germination of three halophytic grasses (Phragmites karka, Dichanthium annulatum and Eragrostis ciliaris) could be improved by exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA) under saline conditions. Seeds of P. karka were germinated in varying concentrations of NaCl and AsA under different temperature regimes, and seeds of Dichanthium annulatum and Eragrostis ciliaris were germinated at optimal temperatures only. In P. karka, concentrations of AsA (5 and 10 mM) alleviated the salinity effects better at cooler and moderate thermo-periods, whereas higher concentrations (20 mM of AsA) failed to improve germination under all temperature regimes. AsA was ineffective at a warmer thermo-period (25/35°C). The rate of germination also increased at all thermo-periods with the application of AsA except at 25/35°C under saline conditions. Application of AsA improved the germination of E. ciliaris seeds under saline conditions but was inhibitory for D. annulatum in comparison with the untreated control. The rate of germination followed the similar pattern as that of seed germination. Results indicate that AsA has the ability to partially alleviate the effect of salinity on seed germination of some grass species under optimal temperature regime.

/pdf/effect-of-ascorbic-acid-on-seed-germination-of-three-2snj1x9rry.pdf

Effect of ascorbic acid on seed germination of three halophytic grass species under saline conditions

Ninety species of mammals of Balochistan have been recorded so far belonging to 9 orders and 27 families; of these, 2lspecies are threatened,4species are endemic to Balochistan, 14 species are of special conservation interest,8 sites are important for mammals. Special efforts are being made to conserve the important mammals particularly in the protected areas specially in Chiltan Hazarganji National Park and the Hingol National Park.

/pdf/current-status-of-the-mammals-of-balochistan-2r29mz1do5.pdf

Current Status of the Mammals of Balochistan

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