The question of why fear overrides hope in societies embarked on the road of peacemaking after years of intractable conflict is answered on the basis of accumulated knowledge in the psychology and sociology of emotions. This knowledge suggests that fear is an automatic emotion, grounded in the perceived present and often based on the memorized past (also processed unconsciously), that leads to freezing of beliefs, conservatism, and sometimes preemptive aggression. Hope, in contrast, involves mostly cognitive activity, which requires the search for new ideas and thus is based on creativity and flexibility. Because hope is based on thinking, it can be seriously impeded by the spontaneous and unconscious interference of fear. Both fear and hope can become collective emotional orientations that organize society’s views and direct its forms of action. It is assumed that societies involved in intractable conflict are dominated by a collective emotional orientation of fear, which is functional in their coping with the stressful and demanding situation. But such an orientation serves as a psychological obstacle to a peace process once it starts. The Israeli Jewish case of collective fear orientation is offered as an example. The presentation includes the roots of this orientation, the ways in which it is reflected and disseminated, and its expressions among the Israeli Jewish public; it ends optimistically with the suggestion that societies can determine to overcome their fear and establish a collective orientation of hope for peace.

/pdf/why-does-fear-override-hope-in-societies-engulfed-by-1cff8zg9ij.pdf

Why does fear override hope in societies engulfed by intractable conflict, as it does in the Israeli society?

Un essai de prendre en compte les consequences negatives du sionisme pour les Juifs orientaux, reduits au mutisme dans l'actuel Etat d'Israel et dans la societe israelienne

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/466176.pdf

Sephardim in Israel : Zionism from the Standpoint of its Jewish Victims

The evolution of international society

Essence of diplomacy

~ Concerns with preemptive war-war in which one side attacks to forestall what it sees as an impending attack on itself-have in recent years played a dominant role in discourse on the causes of war. In academic circles, preemption ties together two important theories of war, the spiral model and the offense-defense balance. In policy discussions, fears of preemptive war ran through the Cold War debate on U.S. strategy toward the Soviet Union, and continue to frame debates on a number of post-Cold War issues. Both academics and policy analysts have argued that preemption is in many environments the most likely path to armed conflict; they see the international system as a primed powder keg, waiting for a single spark to explode into war. However, the deep theoretical and policy interest in preemptive war has not been matched by extensive empirical scholarship. There have been no quantitative studies testing preemptive war hypotheses, and most case studies of preemption focus on the same small number of cases. As a result, our hunches about the dangers of preemption remain largely just that-hunches. This article fills this empirical gap to expand our understanding of preemptive war by focusing on the important question of how many preemptive wars have happened in the modern era. In other words, which modern wars have begun primarily because the attacking state feared it was about to be a target? In one sense, this is a rather limited ambition, as only the frequency of the event is measured, while hypotheses that predict its occurrence are not tested. However, providing a systematic account of the occurrence of preemptive war

Exploding the Powder Keg Myth: Preemptive Wars Almost Never Happen

Personal Witness: Israel Through My Eyes

In this wise and eloquent book, one of the world's preeminent senior statesmen presents his views on the challenges of diplomacy in the post-Cold War era. Abba Eban, who has been Israel's ambassador to the United Nations and to the United States as well as the foreign minister in several Israeli governments, draws on his years of experience and knowledge to offer an overview of diplomacy as practiced in today's world. Interweaving historical data with personal reminiscences, Eban reviews the Cold War period and its end in 1989, praising the diplomatic restraint in the years that have followed; discusses the ethical confrontation between power and conscience in a wide range of international decisions and actions; and points out the difficulty of reconciling the promotion of universal human rights with respect for national sovereignty. Eban goes on to deplore the lack of privacy in international negotiations that is the result of an increasingly intrusive media, shows that nuclear warfare is not a restraint against frequent military intervention, and warns against inflated views of what can be expected from the United Nations. He concludes with thoughts about the quest for peace in the Middle East. Instructive, erudite, and witty, Eban's tour through diplomatic history vividly demonstrates that the wisdom of the past can be immensely valuable as we seek to negotiate and maintain peace in the future.

Diplomacy for the next century

The new diplomacy : international affairs in the Modern Age

The new diplomacy

The U.N. Idea Revisited

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

We encountered an error while loading the panel. Please try refreshing the page.

Something went wrong

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

Anyone with the link can view this chat. You can switch it back to private anytime.

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Abba Solomon Eban

Author Tools

Chat about Author