Dedicated energy crops and crop residues will meet herbaceous feedstock demands for the new bioeconomy in the Central and Eastern USA. Perennial warm-season grasses and corn stover are well-suited to the eastern half of the USA and provide opportunities for expanding agricultural operations in the region. A suite of warm-season grasses and associated management practices have been developed by researchers from the Agricultural Research Service of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and collaborators associated with USDA Regional Biomass Research Centers. Second generation biofuel feedstocks provide an opportunity to increase the production of transportation fuels from recently fixed plant carbon rather than from fossil fuels. Although there is no “one-size-fits-all” bioenergy feedstock, crop residues like corn (Zea mays L.) stover are the most readily available bioenergy feedstocks. However, on marginally productive cropland, perennial grasses provide a feedstock supply while enhancing ecosystem services. Twenty-five years of research has demonstrated that perennial grasses like switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) are profitable and environmentally sustainable on marginally productive cropland in the western Corn Belt and Southeastern USA.

/pdf/dedicated-energy-crops-and-crop-residues-for-bioenergy-lucyg1gxju.pdf

Dedicated Energy Crops and Crop Residues for Bioenergy Feedstocks in the Central and Eastern USA

North Central Regional Sun Grant Center at South Dakota State University through US Department of Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office [DE-FC36-05GO85041]

/pdf/biomass-production-of-herbaceous-energy-crops-in-the-united-y5scfjmm63.pdf

Biomass production of herbaceous energy crops in the United States: field trial results and yield potential maps from the multiyear regional feedstock partnership

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1717&context=agronomyfacpub

Senescence, dormancy and tillering in perennial C4 grasses

Two-phase simulation-based location-allocation optimization of biomass storage distribution

Balanced feeding to livestock can effectively convert the non-edible forage crops into human food. Balanced output and input feeding systems further will result in greater animal health and production outcomes, with greater capacity to support growing global food demands. It also positively impacts the global economy and livelihood support of those entirely depending on livestock rearing. In general, plants are made up of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, fibres, lignin, minerals and vitamins of varying concentrations. These nutritional components in forage crops are key determinants of livestock growth, reproduction, behaviour, productivity and end-product quality (milk and meat etc.). A high proportion of lignin, undigested fibres, and anti-nutritional factors (cyanogenic glucosides, Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and condensed tannins) adversely affect the nutritional quality of forage crops. This review highlighted the importance of nutritional and anti-nutritional components and their inter-relationship with diverse agro-climatic conditions. Further, we tried to cover the recent agronomical, conventional and non-conventional breeding methods to improve the nutritional quality of forage crops concerning livestock productivity. 

Agronomical and breeding approaches to improve the nutritional status of forage crops for better livestock productivity

Understanding latitudinal adaptation of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus J. M. Greef & Deuter ex Hodk. & Renvoize) to the southern Great Plains is key to maximizing productivity by matching each grass variety to its optimal production environment. The objectives of this study were: (1) to quantify latitudinal variation in production of representative upland switchgrass ecotypes (Blackwell, Cave-in-Rock, and Shawnee), lowland switchgrass ecotypes (Alamo, Kanlow), and Miscanthus in the southern half of the US Great Plains and (2) to investigate the environmental factors affecting yield variation. Leaf area and yield were measured on plots at 10 locations in Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. More cold winter days led to decreased subsequent Alamo switchgrass yields and increased subsequent upland switchgrass yields. More hot-growing season days led to decreased Kanlow and Miscanthus yields. Increased drought intensity also contributed to decreased Miscanthus yields. Alamo switchgrass had the greatest radiation use efficiency (RUE) with a mean of 4.3 g per megajoule intercepted PAR and water use efficiency (WUE) with a mean of 4.5 mg of dry weight per gram of water transpired. The representative RUE values for other varieties ranged from 67 to 80 % of Alamo’s RUE value and 67 to 87 % of Alamo’s WUE. These results will provide valuable inputs to process-based models to realistically simulate these important perennial grasses in this region and to assess the environmental impacts of production on water use and nutrient demands. In addition, it will also be useful for landowners and companies choosing the most productive perennial grasses for biofuel production.

/pdf/perennial-biomass-grasses-and-the-mason-dixon-line-45l34shm3u.pdf

Perennial Biomass Grasses and the Mason–Dixon Line: Comparative Productivity across Latitudes in the Southern Great Plains

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Perennial Biomass Grasses and the Mason–Dixon Line: Comparative Productivity across Latitudes in the Southern Great Plains