Abstract Residues of DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordane, toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were determined by GC ECD and GC MS in the blubber of a seal (Phoca caspica) from the coast of Iran on the Caspian Sea. The organochlorine pattern was dominated by DDT and its metabolites while PCBs (65 PCB congeners including non-ortho PCBs were quantified) only played a minor role. The high content of β-HCH determined by GC ECD and confirmed by GC MS was interpreted to be caused by local sources. On the other hand, residues of chlordane compounds were correlated to atmospheric long-range transport.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the blubber of a seal (Phoca caspica) from the Caspian Sea

http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/72654/5/2018_Espin_etal_SciTotEnv_preprint.pdf

Blood concentrations of p,p'-DDE and PCBs in harriers breeding in Spain and Kazakhstan.

Visual migration surveys, especially at bottlenecks, can be a vital tool to evaluate population fluctuations in environmentally sensitive species. Raptors are considered to be important bioindicators that can help identify environmental catastrophes. Substantial proportions of the global population of Steppe Eagles (Aquila nipalensis) and Levant Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes) concentrate at Eilat, Israel, during the spring and autumn migrations, but counts from seven autumn and seven spring migration surveys indicate a constant decline in Steppe Eagle numbers. Further, the number of juveniles observed in these counts dropped steadily from 30% in the early 1980s, to 1.4% in 2000. The numbers observed at Eilat are well below the range of the numerical fluctuations observed in previous surveys. In Levant Sparrowhawks, no decline in total numbers is evident, but a significant change in the adult to juvenile age ratio was noted between the population trapped in the 1980s and that sampled in the late 1990s. T...

http://radioactiverobins.com/archive/pdf-files/Chernobyl%20effect%20on%20raptors.pdf

Simultaneous decline in Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) populations and Levant Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes) reproductive success: coincidence or a Chernobyl legacy?

The cytogenetic impact of the global ecosystem pollution by mutagenes on populations of the most abundant Passerine species breeding in Lithuania is discussed. The research was carried out on Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs L.) in seven localities of the territory of Lithuania in 1993–1994. The marrow assay was used and the quantity of anaphases with aberrations was assessed. The analysis demonstrated sex-related differences, as depuration process in males is slower than in females (the average of anaphases with aberrations in males amounting to 4.6%, whereas in females – 3.3%), possibly due to high-level pollutant excretion with egg substances. The comparison of the above research results with those furnished by the investigation of Black-headed Gull showed, that mutability levels are partly dependent on food base. Also age-dependent differences were detected: unmistakably smaller amounts of anaphases with aberrations (2.2% in average) were characteristic of nestlings, most probably because of their quite s...

Investigation of Anaphase Aberrations in Chaffinch (Fringilla Coelebs Linnaeus, 1758) Populations from Different Regions of Lithuania

The contamination of German peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) with organochlorine (CHC) biocides and mercury (Hg) was investigated over the years 1955–2002. A total of 960 unhatched eggs from eastern Germany, Baden-Wurttemberg (BW) and North Rhine-Westphalia/Rhineland Palatinate (NRW/RP) were analysed for the biocides DDE, HCB, PCB, etc., and for shell index and shell thickness. Hg analyses from 367 samples (unhatched eggs, moulted and nestling feathers, tissue samples) complete the investigation. The results confirm that the collapse of the German peregrine populations is correlated with the application of the insecticide DDT. The mean DDE values in BW over the years 1970–1976 were above the relevant threshold values of 70–100 μg/g (all concentrations refer to the dry sample mass), with single analyses showing values above 100 μg/g until as late as 1987. The mean contamination levels in the 1960s can be retrospectively assumed to have lain above 200 μg/g. With the help of thorough conservation measures it was possible after a fall in numbers of about 80% to stabilise the remnant population in BW . Following the West German DDT ban in 1972 and the resulting decline in environmental CHC contamination, this core population was able to recover from about 1980 onwards and has since increased tenfold. The shell index improved steadily from 1.48 (1970–1971) to a normal value of 1.80–1.88 (2000–2002). Hg contamination in western Germany stayed under toxic threshold values over the period 1969–1991. The significantly more intense application of DDT in eastern Germany, continuing until 1989, led to the extinction of the peregrine falcon, of both the cliff- and tree-nesting populations. This phenomenon is described with respect to DDE analysis data and shell thickness/index studies, complemented by observations of breeding biology. In addition, the employment in the GDR of methyl/phenyl Hg as seed treatments had dramatic local toxic effects on embryo survival and shell thickness. Hg burdens reached very high levels in feathers (147 µg/g) and eggs (65 μg/g). The combination of DDT and Hg was responsible for the species’ extinction in this region. The current peregrine falcon population of eastern Germany even now shows biocide contaminant burdens up to 3 times higher than in samples from western German falcons. Shell index and shell thickness had, however, normalised to a large extent by 2002. The tree-nesting habit of the peregrines formerly breeding in the forested lowlands of Central and Eastern Europe, a tradition which had been passed on by imprinting, has been completely eradicated as a result of the effects of the environmental contamination. In NRW/RP unhatched eggs over the period 1989–2002 show uncritical DDE contamination levels in the region of 4–20 μg/g with normal shell index values. PCB analyses from all three regions confirm the highest levels of contamination from industrial centres with no clear trend so far. HCB burdens peaked at a maximum of 80 μg/g and have been stable at <1 μg/g since 1983. Population parameters did not improve in BW until 1976, after DDE and HCB contamination levels had started to decrease as a result of the bans on use. In East Germany and NRW/RP, the documented recolonisation and increases in breeding success parameters were only possible after the DDE levels (and in East Germany additionally the Hg levels) had fallen to below toxic threshold levels.

Long-term investigation of the degree of exposure of German peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ) to damaging chemicals from the environment

--Fifty-two eggs (one per nest) of 12 species of raptors were collected in 1992-93 for contaminant analysis in three southern European locations in Russia. One Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) egg was also collected farther northwest in the Novgorod region. A high DDE concentration (27.3 ppm, wet weight [w/w]) in the Peregrine Falcon egg raised concern for the species in European Russia south of the Arctic Circle. Although a number of organochlorine contaminants were found in eggs of the other species, concentrations were all below known effect levels. Mercury levels were also extremely low. Nesting success in southern Russia in 1992 (only year with follow-up visits) appeared normal. K•3⁄4 WO•tDS: Peregrine Falcon; Falco peregrinus; eagles; hawks; falcon• owls; organochlorine p sticides; PCB• mercury; Russia. Pesticidas organoclorados, PCBs y mercurio en huevos de gavilanes, halcones, /tguilas y buhos de las regiones de Lipetsk, Voronezh, Novgorod y Saratova en Rusia, 1992-93 R•SUMEN.•incuenta y dos huevos (uno por nido) de 12 especies de aves rapaces fueron colectados en 1992-93 para el an/tlisis de contaminantes en tres localidades al sur de Europa en Rusia. Un huevo de Halc6n Peregrino (Falco peregrinus) fue colectado al noroeste en la regi6n de Novgorod. Una alta concentraci6n de DDE (27.3 ppm), en este huevo despert6 preocupaci6n para la especie en la Rusia europea al sur del Circulo Artico. Aunque un buen nfimero de contaminantes organoclorados fueron encontrados en los huevos de otras especies, las concentraciones estuvieron por debajo de niveles peligrosos. Los niveles de Mercurio fueron tambi6n extremadamante bajos. E1 6xito reproductivo en 1992 (finico afio en el que se efectu6 seguimiento) aparentemente fu6 normal. [Traducci6n de C6sar M/trquez] Concerns over possible pesticide contamination of raptors in Russia were first raised in the 1970s (Galushin 1977), an alarm first sounded by the rapid and continuous decline of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). To assess the extent of chemical contamination in Russian birds of prey, a series of egg collections were made. Eggs of the Peregrine Falcon were specifically collected above the Arctic Circle on the Kola Peninsula in 1991 (Henny et al. 1994). Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs were collected along the Upper Volga River in 1992. This paper is the third in a series that presents the results of contaminant analyses conducted on eggs of species collected in southern European Russia in 1992 and 1993. STUDY AREA AND METHODS In 1992, 13 eggs (one egg per clutch) were collected from the Lipetsk Region which includes the Upper Don River. This study area was located 30 km east of Elets Town and 40 km west of Lipetsk City near the Galichya Gora Nature Reserve. The Liptsk Region is mostly agricultural (fall and spring planted wheat, small grains, peas, and row crops) with some natural forests. Another 13 eggs were collected in the Voronezh Region about 300 km east and south of the Lipetsk Region. It consists of agricultural lands separated by planted forest strips. This study area was 10 km south of Talovaya or 120 km south-

Organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and mercury in hawk, falcon, eagle and owl eggs from the Lipetsk, Voronezh, Novgorod and Saratov regions, Russia, 1992-1993

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Organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and mercury in hawk, falcon, eagle and owl eggs from the Lipetsk, Voronezh, Novgorod and Saratov regions, Russia, 1992-1993