Challenges and opportunities of utilizing municipal solid waste as alternative building materials for sustainable development goals: A review

The ceramic industry is going to be deeply involved in the transition to a circular economy. However, the main obstacle to a widespread recourse to waste recycling is the lack of knowledge about its effect in ceramic tile manufacturing. The rationale behind this work is to look at recycling from the industrialist's point of view. The goal is overviewing the effects of different kinds of waste on technological behavior, technical performance, and environmental impact of ceramic tiles in the prospect of an industrial transfer. Technical constraints that waste recycling must comply to be transferable to ceramic tile manufacturing were examined in detail. Available information on the behavior of ceramic tile bodies containing wastes from various sources was critically reviewed for every manufacturing stage. The main outcome is an outlook about feasibility (expressed in terms of Technology Readiness Level) and recommended recyclable amount. In addition, hindrances to scale up and matters of concern (e.g., hazardous components and gaseous emissions) are pointed out and discussed. Examples and reasons of success/unsuccess are briefly illustrated, and prospect of waste recycling in ceramic tiles production from a circular economy perspective was appraised.

Waste recycling in ceramic tiles: a technological outlook

Recycling of polished tile waste as a main raw material in porcelain tiles

Reusing sanitaryware waste products in glazed porcelain tile production

Feldspathic fluxes are fundamental ingredients of many ceramic products, but little is known about the sources actually utilized by industry and the evolution over time. This paper reviews the sourcing of feldspathic raw materials over a long timespan (1971–2016) including viable substitutes (particularly recycled materials and end-of-life products). A large set of data was collected, critically assessed and elaborated to get an original insight into market dynamics. In addition, the technological value, based on composition and technological properties of different fluxes, is referred to ceramic use and batch design. A detailed analysis of ongoing trends, mainly driven by the technological innovation in the ceramic tile industry, disclosed possible criticalities in the medium-term supply of key raw materials, principally sodium feldspar from albitites. To mitigate this risk, three actions are envisaged to improve the resource efficiency and sustainability of feldspathic fluxes: 1) full valorization of primary deposits, 2) increasing recourse to alternative sources, 3) relaxing the technological constraints in ceramic applications.

Feldspathic fluxes for ceramics: Sources, production trends and technological value

Recycling of gneiss rock waste in the manufacture of vitrified floor tiles.

The petroleum industry generates various types of oily sludges in its production chain [1]: i) extraction of crude oil from the ground; ii) transportation to refineries and product distribu‐ tion centers; iii) refining into finished products; and iv) marketing or sale of the products to consumers. These oily sludges are basically composed by hydrocarbons in the form of oil, water, solids, and traces of heavy metals in different proportions according to each area. For this reason, the oily sludges are considered as being hazardous waste materials. Thus, the petroleum industry is confronted with the environmental problem of the correct manage‐ ment of huge amounts of oily sludges produced worldwide.

/pdf/sintering-behavior-of-vitrified-ceramic-tiles-incorporated-4lv59vha67.pdf

Sintering Behavior of Vitrified Ceramic Tiles Incorporated with Petroleum Waste

A industria de rochas ornamentais gera grandes quantidades de residuos solidos na forma de pos finos. Estes residuos, quando descartados no ambiente, provocam impacto ambiental negativo. Foi feito um estudo sobre a influencia de um residuo de rocha ornamental nas propriedades e microestrutura de piso cerâmico vitrificado. Foi preparada uma serie de massas cerâmicas contendo ate 30% em peso de residuo de rocha ornamental. Pecas cerâmicas foram preparadas por prensagem uniaxial e sinterizadas entre 1190 e 1250 oC em um ciclo de queima rapida. As seguintes propriedades tecnologicas foram determinadas: retracao linear, absorcao de agua, massa especifica aparente, e tensao de ruptura a flexao. A evolucao da microestrutura e a analise de fases foram acompanhadas por microscopia eletronica de varredura e difracao de raios X. Os resultados mostraram que adicoes de ate 30% em peso de residuo de rocha ornamental causaram variacoes significativas na generalidade das propriedades tecnologicas da massa cerâmica de referencia. A microestrutura das pecas cerâmicas tambem foi influenciada com a incorporacao do residuo estudado. Os resultados tambem mostram que a substituicao de feldspato sodico por residuo de rocha ornamental nas massas cerâmicas tende a melhorar a qualidade do piso cerâmico.

Efeito da adição de resíduo de rocha ornamental nas propriedades tecnológicas e microestrutura de piso cerâmico vitrificado

O Brasil e um dos maiores produtores e consumidores de rochas ornamentais no mundo. No entanto, a industria de rochas ornamentais gera enormes quantidades de residuos solidos na forma de po fino nao biodegradavel. No seculo XXI o grande desafio do setor de rochas ornamentais e o descarte final deste abundante residuo de forma ambientalmente correta. Os residuos de rochas ornamentais sao ricos em materiais fundentes, que promovem a formacao de fase liquida e auxiliam na densificacao de materiais cerâmicos tradicionais. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a possibilidade de utilizacao de residuo de rocha ornamental como um material de fluxo em composicao para fabricacao de piso cerâmico vitrificado de alta qualidade. As massas cerâmicas contendo ate 45 % em peso de residuo de rocha ornamental foram preparadas pelo processo via seca. Pecas cerâmicas prismaticas foram preparadas por prensagem uniaxial a 50 MPa e sinterizadas a 1230 oC usando um ciclo de queima rapida. As seguintes propriedades fisica e mecânica foram determinadas: retracao linear, absorcao de agua, massa especifica aparente, porosidade aparente e tensao de ruptura a flexao. A microestrutura sinterizada foi acompanhada por microscopia eletronica de varredura e as fases cristalinas foram identificadas por difracao de raios-X. Os resultados mostram que o efeito da adicao do residuo de rocha ornamental foi o de promover maior densificacao e propriedades melhoradas dos pisos cerâmicos vitrificados.

/pdf/influencia-da-incorporacao-de-residuo-de-rocha-ornamental-1wtwmqs25y.pdf

Influência da incorporação de resíduo de rocha ornamental sobre as propriedades e microestrutura sinterizada de piso cerâmico

The ornamental rock industry generates huge amounts of waste in form of fine powder, demanding adequate alternatives for its final disposal. The possibility of using ornamental rock waste as a flux in porcelain tile has been assessed. The porcelain tile formulations are constituted mainly by kaolin, feldspar and quartz. The waste was added to a typical porcelain tile body, replacing the sodic feldspar by up to 15 wt. %. The prepared pastes were fired of 1240°C using a fast-firing cycle. The specifications of porcelain floor tile in terms of physical properties were achieved.

Use of Ornamental Rock Waste in Porcelain Tile

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