The population of bubbles produced by breaking waves in (10 m) winds of up to 12 m s−1 is analyzed using calibrated images from a vertical pencil-beam sonar system placed on the seabed near the Dutch coast. The structure in the images is parameterized, and the volumetric bubble backscatter is inverted to yield bubble concentrations. Data were obtained at three acoustic frequencies, with inversion effected by prescribing a bubble spectrum with two free variables, leaving a redundant measurement to test the robustness of the model. Median concentrations may in this way be obtained up to the sea surface. Measurements are multiply regressed on wind and dominant-wave variables. Bubbles penetrate to a depth of about a factor of 6γ−1 times the significant wave height Hs, where γ is the wave age, or ratio of dominant-wave phase speed to wind speed. The measured mean bubble radius decreases weakly with depth, unless waves are gently sloping, at about 5% m−1. At 0.4 m, the mean radius ranges from 30 to 80 ...

Aeration due to breaking waves. Part I: bubble populations

[1] The characteristics of intrusive thermohaline features in the thermocline of the western equatorial Pacific are examined during two different climatic states. The vertical and meridional structure of the features is determined from a total of 12 high-resolution meridional sections. Although there is considerable variability of the broader structure of the flow and temperature/salinity fields, the spatial scale of the interleaving is found to be persistent over all sections. The Turner angle and correlations between the spice anomaly and density anomaly suggest that double-diffusive processes may be important in the vertical flux of properties. The characteristics of the interleaving are compared with the results from the theories of double-diffusive interleaving and inertial instability. It is found that the observations are consistent with both. It is difficult to differentiate between the two theories in explaining the presence of the layers. Indeed, both mechanisms may be playing a role. The magnitude of the cross-equatorial fluxes of heat and salt due to the features is estimated and shown to be comparable with estimates due to other processes. There is a strong potential for the interleaving to impinge on the large-scale dynamics of the equatorial Pacific Ocean.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2001JC000971

Characteristics of interleaving in the western equatorial Pacific

Langmuir Circulation and the Dispersion of Oil Spills in Shallow Seas

High resolution observations of the Terra Nova Bay polynya using COSMO-SkyMed X-SAR and other satellite imagery

Large eddy simulation (LES) is used to investigate contrasting dynamic characteristics of shear turbulence (ST) and Langmuir circulation (LC) in the surface mixed layer (SML). ST is usually induced by wind forcing in SML. LC can be driven by wave-current interaction that includes the roles of wind, wave and vortex forcing. The LES results show that LC suppresses the horizontal velocity and greatly modifies the downwind velocity profile, but increases the vertical velocity. The strong downwelling jets of LC accelerate and increase the downward transport of energy as compared to ST. The vertical eddy viscosity K
 m of L is much larger than that of ST. Strong mixing induced by LC has two locations. They are located in the 2δ
 s–3δ
 s (Stokes depth scale) and the lower layer of the SML, respectively. Its value and position change periodically with time. In contrast, maximum K
 m induced by ST is located in the middle depth of the SML. The turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) generated by LC is larger than that by ST. The differences in vertical distributions of TKE and K
 m are evident. Therefore, the parameterization of LC cannot be solely based on TKE. For deep SML, the convection of large-scale eddies in LC plays a main role in downward transport of energy and LC can induce stronger velocity shear (S
 2) near the SML base. In addition, the large-scale eddies and S
 2 induced by LC is changing all the time, which needs to be fully considered in the parameterization of LC.

Contrasting dynamic characteristics of shear turbulence and Langmuir circulation in the surface mixed layer

The horizontal distribution of bubbles in a shallow sea

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The horizontal distribution of bubbles in a shallow sea