Kamihara and coworkers' report of superconductivity at ${T}_{c}=26\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ in fluorine-doped LaFeAsO inspired a worldwide effort to understand the nature of the superconductivity in this new class of compounds. These iron pnictide and chalcogenide (FePn/Ch) superconductors have Fe electrons at the Fermi surface, plus an unusual Fermiology that can change rapidly with doping, which lead to normal and superconducting state properties very different from those in standard electron-phonon coupled ``conventional'' superconductors. Clearly, superconductivity and magnetism or magnetic fluctuations are intimately related in the FePn/Ch, and even coexist in some. Open questions, including the superconducting nodal structure in a number of compounds, abound and are often dependent on improved sample quality for their solution. With ${T}_{c}$ values up to 56 K, the six distinct Fe-containing superconducting structures exhibit complex but often comparable behaviors. The search for correlations and explanations in this fascinating field of research would benefit from an organization of the large, seemingly disparate data set. This review provides an overview, using numerous references, with a focus on the materials and their superconductivity.

Superconductivity in iron compounds

The response of the worldwide scientific community to the discovery in 2008 of superconductivity at T c = 26 K in the Fe-based compound LaFeAsO1−x F x has been very enthusiastic. In short order, ot...

The puzzle of high temperature superconductivity in layered iron pnictides and chalcogenides

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Electrodynamics Of Continuous Media

Science and technologies based on terahertz frequency electromagnetic radiation (100 GHz–30 THz) have developed rapidly over the last 30 years. For most of the 20th Century, terahertz radiation, then referred to as sub-millimeter wave or far-infrared radiation, was mainly utilized by astronomers and some spectroscopists. Following the development of laser based terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in the 1980s and 1990s the field of THz science and technology expanded rapidly, to the extent that it now touches many areas from fundamental science to 'real world' applications. For example THz radiation is being used to optimize materials for new solar cells, and may also be a key technology for the next generation of airport security scanners. While the field was emerging it was possible to keep track of all new developments, however now the field has grown so much that it is increasingly difficult to follow the diverse range of new discoveries and applications that are appearing. At this point in time, when the field of THz science and technology is moving from an emerging to a more established and interdisciplinary field, it is apt to present a roadmap to help identify the breadth and future directions of the field. The aim of this roadmap is to present a snapshot of the present state of THz science and technology in 2017, and provide an opinion on the challenges and opportunities that the future holds. To be able to achieve this aim, we have invited a group of international experts to write 18 sections that cover most of the key areas of THz science and technology. We hope that The 2017 Roadmap on THz science and technology will prove to be a useful resource by providing a wide ranging introduction to the capabilities of THz radiation for those outside or just entering the field as well as providing perspective and breadth for those who are well established. We also feel that this review should serve as a useful guide for government and funding agencies.

The 2016 terahertz science and technology roadmap

This review focuses on the superconducting properties of MgB2 that are relevant for power applications. The reversible mixed state parameters are the most important, since they define the limiting conditions for loss-free currents: the transition temperature, the upper critical field and the depairing current. They also determine the flux pinning energy, the pinning force and the elastic properties of the flux line lattice and, therefore, strongly influence the critical current densities. The magnetic properties of magnesium diboride are anisotropic and influenced by the two different energy gaps of the σ- and π-bands. Whereas the transition temperature could not be enhanced significantly during the past five years, the upper critical field was considerably increased by impurity scattering or doping. Flux pinning is very weak in MgB2 single crystals and was only improved by irradiation techniques so far. In polycrystalline samples, grain boundary pinning seems to play the dominant role. High critical currents close to the theoretical limit were found in c-axis oriented thin films. The anisotropy of the upper critical field strongly reduces the critical currents in untextured MgB2 at high magnetic fields, where the supercurrents become highly percolative, since not all grains are superconducting anymore. The performance of polycrystalline wires and tapes was significantly improved during the past few years by increasing the upper critical field and by reducing its anisotropy. Pinning seems to be nearly optimized in many forms of this material, but the connectivity between the grains might be further improved.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/20/12/R01/pdf

Magnetic properties and critical currents of MgB2

Stacks of intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) in high-temperature superconductors enable the fabrication of compact sources of coherent terahertz radiation. Here we demonstrate that multiple stacks patterned on the same Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta crystal can - under optimized conditions - be synchronized to emit high-power THz-radiation. For three synchronized stacks we achieved 610 microwatts of continuous-wave coherent radiation power at 0.51 THz. We suggest that synchronization is promoted by THz-waves in the base crystal. We note though that synchronization cannot be achieved in all samples. However, even in these cases powers on the 100-microwatt scale can be generated.

/pdf/powerful-terahertz-emission-from-bi2sr2cacu2o8-delta-mesa-1f6xz6d4z4.pdf

Powerful terahertz emission from Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta mesa arrays

Huge Critical Current Density and Tailored Superconducting Anisotropy in SmFeAsO(0.8)F(0.15) by Low Density Columnar-Defect Incorporation

Stacks of intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) made from high-temperature superconductors such as Bi_{2}Sr_{2}CaCu_{2}O_{8+\delta} (Bi-2212) are a promising source of coherent continuous-wave terahertz radiation. It is thought that at electrical bias conditions under which THz-emission occurs hot spots may form due to resistive self-heating, and that these spots may be highly beneficial for the generation of high levels of THz power. Here we perform an imaging study of the temperature distribution at the surface of BSCCO stacks utilizing the temperature-dependent 612nm fluorescence line of Eu^{3+} in a europium chelate. The images directly reveal a highly non-uniform temperature distribution in which the temperature in the middle of the stack can exceed the superconducting transition temperature by tens of Kelvin under biasing conditions typical for THz-emission.

/pdf/direct-imaging-of-hot-spots-in-bi-2-sr-2-cacu-2-o-8-delta-4nkvjju7j7.pdf

Direct imaging of hot spots in Bi_{2}Sr_{2}CaCu_{2}O_{8+\delta} mesa terahertz sources

We report on scanning tunneling spectroscopy studies of magnesium diboride $({\mathrm{MgB}}_{2})$ thin films grown by different techniques. The films have critical temperatures ranging between 28 and 41 K with very different upper critical fields. We find that the superconducting gap associated with the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ band decreases almost linearly with decreasing critical temperature while the gap associated with the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ band is only very weakly affected in the range of critical temperatures above 30 K. In the sample with the lowest critical temperature (28 K) we observe a small increase of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ gap that can only be explained in terms of an increase in the interband scattering. The tunneling data was analyzed in the framework of the two-band model. The magnetic-field-dependent tunneling spectra and the upper critical field measurements of these disordered samples can be consistently explained in terms of an increase of disorder that mostly affects the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ band in samples with reduced critical temperatures.

Effect of disorder in MgB 2 thin films

Layered superconductors in tilted magnetic field have a very rich spectrum of vortex lattice configurations. In the presence of in-plane magnetic field, a small $c$-axis field penetrates in the form of isolated vortex chains. The structure of a single chain is mainly determined by the ratio of the London $(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ and Josephson $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{J})$ lengths, $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{J}$. At large $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ the chain is composed of tilted vortices (tilted chains) and at small $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ it consists of a crossing array of Josephson vortices and pancake stacks (crossing chains). We studied the chain structures at intermediate $\ensuremath{\alpha}$'s and found two types of behavior. (i) In the range $0.4\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.5$ a $c$-axis field first penetrates in the form of pancake-stack chains located on Josephson vortices. Due to attractive coupling between deformed stacks, their density jumps from zero to a finite value. With further increase of the $c$-axis field the chain structure smoothly evolves into modulated tilted vortices and then transforms via a second-order phase transition into the tilted straight vortices. (ii) In the range $0.5\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.65$ a $c$-axis field first penetrates in the form of kinks creating kinked tilted vortices. With increasing the $c$-axis field this structure is replaced via a first-order phase transition by the strongly deformed crossing chain. This transition is accompanied by a large jump of pancake density. Further evolution of the chain structure is similar to the higher anisotropy scenario: it smoothly transforms back into the tilted straight vortices.

Vortex-chain phases in layered superconductors

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