A new generation of traffic alert and collision-avoidance systems based on the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) is studied in this paper. Two horizontal escape maneuvers are proposed: One is to change speed but not flying direction, and the other is to change flying direction but not speed. The algorithms for conflict detection and collision avoidance are also presented. The relationships between turn angle, horizontal miss distance (HMD), and reserving time, as well as the relationships between speed, HMD, and reserving time, are calculated and analyzed. To effectively avoid collisions by horizontal escape maneuvers, the research results indicate that the speed of the host aircraft required to increase or decrease must be bounded within a speed range, and the angle of the host aircraft required to turn right or left must also be bounded within an angle range.

Study on the Model for Horizontal Escape Maneuvers in TCAS

A mobile unit detection system or information system in which the existence of a car or other mobile unit which must be paid attention to can be detected only upon receiving a necessary signal. The mobile unit detection system or information system detects a mobile unit through communication between the car and the mobile unit. The car includes a device for judging the operating condition of the car and transmitting a detection signal based on the result. The mobile unit may transmit a response signal upon receiving the detection signal so that the car is able to detect the existence of the mobile unit.

Mobile unit detection system

The modern Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) used in airlines today is the TCAS II. It provides pilots with both Traffic Advisory (TA) and Resolution Advisory (RA) which in turn reduces the incidence of mid-air collisions. It was demonstrated that TCAS could provide safety and economy benefits for airlines nowadays. However, as the demand for commercial air travels increases, it exerted a considerable amount of strain on the current ‘traditional’ TCAS system. This is primarily due to the increase in competition for airspace. Trajectory-based TCAS systems have been proposed to overcome the emerging difficulties with collision avoidance. To date, TCAS systems only provide vertical 2D guidance for the aircraft, that is to say, that the pilot only receives a ‘Climb’ or ‘Descend’ indicator with minimalistic visual cues. The following thesis proposes a new visual cueing method which integrates 3D trajectory path planning for TCAS system. In general, Head-up Display (HUD) instrumentation provides the pilot with primary flight display, navigation and guidance information pertaining to the aircraft’s states. It is especially useful during the critical flight phases, such as approach, landing and manoeuvring. Furthermore, as the HUD is located in the direct front field of view, it allows the pilot to keep his her head up while performing special tasks. It has been demonstrated that the HUD adds a substantial safety benefit as well as mitigating pilot workload. Thus a conceptual HUD has been proposed and was used in this project, the developed TCAS manoeuvre display and conflict alerts were superimposed on HUD. A Boeing 747 aircraft model developed in the MATLAB Simulink environment has been integrated with a 3D trajectory-based TCAS system. Perspective projection techniques were addressed for TCAS resolution display and were developed in Java. The resolution display utilizes 3D tunnel-in-thesky concept as an advanced visual cue. TCAS traffic indications and aural announcements were implemented using Java and MATLAB respectively. The HUD concept was designed in the de-cluttered format in accordance with FAR 25.1321 SAE ARP5288 standards, and was also developed in Java language. It maximised compatibility with head down display. Finally, the impact of the developed visual cueing methods were discussed and as-

Visual cueing for collision avoidance system

Helicopter collision avoidance deals with two or more aircraft when separation violation and/or possible conflict. The mechanism should detect and forecast any approaching aircraft of track intersections. Because of the Earth curvature affects the mathematical surface in WGS84 coordinate system, the geometric relationship between aircraft can be calibrated within appropriate surveillance range, and transformed into planar motion. From real time surveillance data, flight information of each aircraft will establish a trigonometric relationship for separation analysis. A range of possible intersecting angle (PIA) can be found to assess their conflict situation under predetermined priority. This paper presents a separation analysis from this trigonometric relationship and proposes a simple algorithm to detect the possible intersection for approaching aircraft. Separation minimum is also included to maintain safety airspace both in lateral and longitudinal approaching. Due to helicopter performance in low altitude, vertical separation minimum is not applied. Conflict assessment leading to initial resolutions can be determined. The concept of conflict detection and mathematical formulations are presented. From different scenarios of simulation, the proposed method is effective to detect and predict the in-air conflict in early warning by PIA concept. Collision avoidance can further be developed. The proposed real time detection method can be applied with any appropriate surveillance with data link.

Possible intersection angle solutions in trigonometry for multiple helicopter collision avoidance

Intent information provides knowledge of another aircraft's current and future trajectory states. Prototype traffic displays were designed for four different levels of intent: Position, Rate, Commanded State, and FMS (Flight Management System)-Path. The current TCAS (traffic collision avoidance systems) Display, which shows altitude rate in addition to current position and altitude, was used as a baseline and represents the lowest level of intent. The Rate, Commanded State, and FMS-Path Displays show increasing levels of intent information using TCAS-like symbology in addition to incorporating a conflict probe and profile view display. An initial experiment was run on the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Part Task Flight Simulator in which eight airline pilots flew five traffic scenarios with each of the four displays. Results show that pilots had fewer separation violations and maneuvered earlier with the three intent displays. Separation violations were reduced when pilots maneuvered earlier. A second experiment was run to compare performance between displaying intent information directly and incorporating it into a conflict probe. A different set of eight airline pilots flew four traffic scenarios with the TCAS and Commanded State Displays with and without the conflict probe. Conflict probes with two minute and long range look-ahead times were tested. Displaying conflict bands or showing intent information directly both led to fewer separation violations and earlier avoidance maneuvers than the base TCAS Display. Performance was similar between the two minute and long range look-ahead conflict probes. Pilots preferred all intent displays over the TCAS Display.

/pdf/experimental-studies-of-the-effect-of-intent-information-on-co03h8rnj2.pdf

Experimental Studies of the Effect of Intent Information on Cockpit Traffic Displays

The next generation of the airborne collision avoidance system, TCAS IV, will improve upon the present TCAS II in several respects. In making use of accurate satellite-based position data and air-to-air data link of intent, TCAS IV will support superior collision threat detection and resolution. Operational applications making use of cockpit-displayed traffic information should facilitate more efficient and flexible flight.

Enhancements to the next generation collision avoidance system: opportunities for greater safety and efficiency

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Enhancements to the next generation collision avoidance system: opportunities for greater safety and efficiency