Global Positioning System geodetic measurements at thirteen locations in Indonesia and four in Australia reveal that the Australian continent has accreted the Banda island arc to its margin. Small relative velocities of five sites on west Java, south Kalimantan, Bali, and south Sulawesi define a rigid Sunda shelf that moves relative to northern Australia in a manner consistent with pole locations from NUVEL-1 Australia-Eurasia but at a rate that is about 7% slower. Block-like northward motion of the southern Banda arc toward the Sunda shelf at nearly the same rate as Australia suggests that the Timor trough is now inactive as a thrust. Little of the convergence of Australia with Eurasia is accommodated by strain within the Banda arc structure. Most of the convergence appears to occur as northward translation of the rigid arc with shortening on the Flores and Wetar thrusts and possibly on faults within the back arc basin.

Accretion of the southern Banda arc to the Australian plate margin determined by Global Positioning System measurements

This paper provides an overview of Canadian research on snow, frozen soils and permafrost hydrology during the years 1995-98. There were significant advances in the understanding of processes and the development of models of snow accumulation and melt, including the relocation of snow by wind, snow interception in forest canopies, sublimation and energy balance during snowmelt. A major aspect was the development of physically based predictive techniques that account for the effects of heterogeneous topography, vegetation and snow properties, and complex boundary-layer development on snow accumulation, evaporation, melt and runoff. Another advancement is in the linkage of physical snow processes with chemical models to better describe ion accumulation and elution from snow. Snow ecology has shown the interactions in nutrient cycles that involve snow. Frozen ground research has resulted in significantly improved models of frozen soil infiltration, based on both field observations and thermodynamic principles. Research in permafrost regions includes the exfiltration of groundwater in the seasonally thawed zone and the occurrence of perennial springs discharged from below the permafrost. Groundwater discharge is important to features such as icings and the occurrence of wetlands in a polar desert. Processes governing runoff generation on hillslopes have been examined, both in continuous and discontinuous permafrost zones. In terms of future research directions, consideration should be given to continued intensive field studies of cold region hydrological processes and the incorporation of these processes into aquatic chemistry and hydrological models and land surface schemes used in atmospheric models. A better understanding of the role of hydrological boundaries in affecting the rates of processes is needed. The question of scaling processes up from the small scale at which they are relatively well understood, to the larger scales necessary to address global environmental concerns also should be addressed.

Snow, frozen soils and permafrost hydrology in Canada, 1995-1998.

The Timor Trough is a modem 'underfilled' fore- land basin created by partial subduction of the outer north west continental shelf of Australia beneath Timor Island in the Outer Banda Arc of eastern Indonesia during the Cenozoic. A change of the effective elastic thickness (EET) of the continen- tal foreland lithosphere from-80 +20 km to -25 km over a distance of-300 km explains (1) the high curvature (-10 '? m ')) on the outer Trough wall, (2)the low shelf forebulge (-200 m) as measured along a reference base Pliocene unconformity, and (3) observed gravity. An inelastically yielding quartzite- quartz-diorite-dunite continental rheology can explain the EET gradient. New, shallow crustal (<8 km), seismic reflection im- ages indicate that Jurassic basement normal faults are reacti- vated during bending of the foreland.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/98GL01012

Inelastic yielding and forebulge shape across a modern foreland basin: North West Shelf of Australia, Timor Sea

Geodynamics of continental plate collision during late tertiary foreland basin evolution in the Timor Sea: constraints from foreland sequences, elastic flexure and normal faulting

New deep seismic reflection profiles across the Banda Arc of Indonesia reveal reflectors in the uppermost 50 km of the lithosphere. Combined with existing earthquake hypocenter locations and focal mechanisms, the new structural geometries inferred from the reflectors yield a more complete analysis of deformation during the past 10 m.y. and provide insights into how strain is partitioned across an orogenic belt in which volcanic arcs and continents converge. A clearly defined Wadati-Benioff zone, and recent deformation of shelf sediments observed on older shallow seismic profiles, indicated to previous workers that substantial convergence occurred at the Timor Trough. A few focal mechanisms, seafloor escarpments, and recent geodetic surveying indicate that convergence at ∼7 cm yr−1 currently (last 200 kyr?) occurs at the northern margin of the now inactive volcanic arc, the Wetar Thrust zone. Reflectors on the new seismic profiles are interpreted as thrust faults and folds that occur throughout the crust and within the uppermost mantle between the Timor Trough and Wetar Thrust. Specifically, basement reflectors beneath the toe of the accretionary complex have reverse-sense offsets that imply blind thrusts. The whole crust is horizontally shortened, not only the sedimentary cover rocks that previously deformed into duplexes above a decollement. Reflectors dipping away from both margins of the forearc basin and at the northern margin of the volcanic arc are interpreted as evidence of thrusting. Thus each arc represents a doubly vergent fold-and-thrust belt, but only the northern one is currently active. Crustal thicknesses inferred from seismic velocities, reflectors, and gravity anomalies are consistent with the merging of a thinned continental shelf margin with oceanic lithosphere to form an orogenic belt with at present 3–4 km of topographic relief in the region of eastern Timor.

A dual doubly vergent orogen in the Banda Arc continent-arc collision zone as observed on deep seismic reflection profiles

Snow plays a key role in the ecology of much of Earth's surface, especially in circumpolar and high-altitude regions where ecosystems are under increasing stress from global changes in climate and human development.

Until recently, our knowledge of snow has been restricted to areas of study associated with specific physical, chemical, and biological disciplines. Although this research has significantly increased our understanding of snowpack dynamics, the results of these studies have not been integrated to further our knowledge of snow as a life-support system and as a component of larger terrestrial ecosystems.

Interdisciplinary group investigates snow ecology

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Interdisciplinary group investigates snow ecology