Appearing in 1st IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Net Protocols and Applications (SNPA). Anchorage, Alaska, USA. May 11, 2003. RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks Fred Stann, John Heidemann Abstract – Reliable data transport in wireless sensor networks is a multifaceted problem influenced by the physical, MAC, network, and transport layers. Because sensor networks are subject to strict resource constraints and are deployed by single organizations, they encourage revisiting traditional layering and are less bound by standardized placement of services such as reliability. This paper presents analysis and experiments resulting in specific recommendations for implementing reliable data transport in sensor nets. To explore reliability at the transport layer, we present RMST (Reliable Multi- Segment Transport), a new transport layer for Directed Diffusion. RMST provides guaranteed delivery and fragmentation/reassembly for applications that require them. RMST is a selective NACK-based protocol that can be configured for in-network caching and repair. Second, these energy constraints, plus relatively low wireless bandwidths, make in-network processing both feasible and desirable [3]. Third, because nodes in sensor networks are usually collaborating towards a common task, rather than representing independent users, optimization of the shared network focuses on throughput rather than fairness. Finally, because sensor networks are often deployed by a single organization with inexpensive hardware, there is less need for interoperability with existing standards. For all of these reasons, sensor networks provide an environment that encourages rethinking the structure of traditional communications protocols. The main contribution is an evaluation of the placement of reliability for data transport at different levels of the protocol stack. We consider implementing reliability in the MAC, transport layer, application, and combinations of these. We conclude that reliability is important at the MAC layer and the transport layer. MAC-level reliability is important not just to provide hop-by-hop error recovery for the transport layer, but also because it is needed for route discovery and maintenance. (This conclusion differs from previous studies in reliability for sensor nets that did not simulate routing. [4]) Second, we have developed RMST (Reliable Multi-Segment Transport), a new transport layer, in order to understand the role of in- network processing for reliable data transfer. RMST benefits from diffusion routing, adding minimal additional control traffic. RMST guarantees delivery, even when multiple hops exhibit very high error rates. 1 Introduction Wireless sensor networks provide an economical, fully distributed, sensing and computing solution for environments where conventional networks are impractical. This paper explores the design decisions related to providing reliable data transport in sensor nets. The reliable data transport problem in sensor nets is multi-faceted. The emphasis on energy conservation in sensor nets implies that poor paths should not be artificially bolstered via mechanisms such as MAC layer ARQ during route discovery and path selection [1]. Path maintenance, on the other hand, benefits from well- engineered recovery either at the MAC layer or the transport layer, or both. Recovery should not be costly however, since many applications in sensor nets are impervious to occasional packet loss, relying on the regular delivery of coarse-grained event descriptions. Other applications require loss detection and repair. These aspects of reliable data transport include the provision of guaranteed delivery and fragmentation/ reassembly of data entities larger than the network MTU. Sensor networks have different constraints than traditional wired nets. First, energy constraints are paramount in sensor networks since nodes can often not be recharged, so any wasted energy shortens their useful lifetime [2]. This work was supported by DARPA under grant DABT63-99-1-0011 as part of the SCAADS project, and was also made possible in part due to support from Intel Corporation and Xerox Corporation. Fred Stann and John Heidemann are with USC/Information Sciences Institute, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA E-mail: fstann@usc.edu, johnh@isi.edu. 2 Architectural Choices There are a number of key areas to consider when engineering reliability for sensor nets. Many current sensor networks exhibit high loss rates compared to wired networks (2% to 30% to immediate neighbors)[1,5,6]. While error detection and correction at the physical layer are important, approaches at the MAC layer and higher adapt well to the very wide range of loss rates seen in sensor networks and are the focus of this paper. MAC layer protocols can ameliorate PHY layer unreliability, and transport layers can guarantee delivery. An important question for this paper is the trade off between implementation of reliability at the MAC layer (i.e. hop to hop) vs. the Transport layer, which has traditionally been concerned with end-to-end reliability. Because sensor net applications are distributed, we also considered implementing reliability at the application layer. Our goal is to minimize the cost of repair in terms of transmission.

RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks

Review: Security in wireless ad-hoc networks - A survey

Network coding is a data processing technique in which the flow of digital data is optimized in a network by transmitting a composite of two or more messages to make the network more robust. Network coding has been used in traditional and emerging wireless networks to overcome the communications issues of these networks. It also plays an important role in the area of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) to meet the challenges like high mobility, rapidly changing topology, and intermittent connectivity. VANETs consist of network of vehicles in which they communicate with each other to ensure road safety, free flow of traffic, and ease of journey for the passengers. It is now considered to be the most valuable concept for improving efficiency and safety of future transportation. However, this field has a lot of challenges to deal with. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of network coding schemes in VANETs. We have classified different applications like content distribution, multimedia streaming, cooperative downloading, data dissemination, and summarized other key areas of VANETs in which network coding schemes are implemented. This research work will provide a clear understanding to the readers about how network coding is implemented in these schemes in VANETs to improve performance, reduce delay, and make the network more efficient.

A comprehensive survey of network coding in vehicular ad-hoc networks

Design and implementation of wireless sensor Networks have gathered increased attention in recent years due to vast potential of sensor networks consisting of spatially distributed devices (motes) to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions at different locations. Wireless sensor networks are built upon low cost nodes with limited battery (power), CPU clock (processing capacity), and memory modules (storage). Transport layer protocols applied to wireless sensor networks can handle the communications between the sink node and sensor nodes in upstream (sensor-to-sink) or downstream (sink-to-sensor) direction. In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of reliable and congestion aware transport layer protocols for wireless sensor networks and number of open issues that have to be carefully realized to make use of the wireless sensor networks more efficiently and to enhance their performance. We first list the characteristics of transport layer protocols. We then provide a summary of reliable and congestion aware transport layer protocols with their respective pros and cons and comparison of different protocols based on reliability, congestion control, and energy efficiency. Finally, we point out open research issues of transport layer protocols for wireless sensor networks, which need further attention to overcome the earlier mentioned challenges.

/pdf/a-comparative-analysis-of-reliable-and-congestion-aware-47drfyd6z2.pdf

A Comparative Analysis of Reliable and Congestion-Aware Transport Layer Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Ensuring reliable transport of data in resource constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the primary concerns. The two reliability mechanisms typically used in WSNs are packet reliability and event reliability. Packet reliability requires all packets from all the sensor nodes to reach the sink that can result in wastage of sensors' limited energy resources. The sensing regions of densely deployed sensor nodes often overlap with one another and data from nodes that are in close proximity tend to exhibit high level of spatial locality. This introduces the concept of event reliability where a reliable transfer of event data from each sensing region in a sensor network is sufficient. This paper proposes the Event Reliability Protocol (ERP) that enables reliable transfer of packets containing information about an event to the sink while minimizing similar redundant packets from nodes in the vicinity of one another. ERP builds on the spatial locality condition and employs an implicit acknowledgement (iACK) mechanism with region-based selective retransmissions. The performance of ERP is evaluated and compared against a commonly used iACK scheme to show that ERP significantly improves event information delivery and network scalability, thus maintaining good coverage of events in the sensor network.

Event reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks

Reliable data transport is one of the most important requirements in wireless sensor network where different applications have different reliability requirements. Additionally, the characteristic of wireless sensor network, especially dense deployment, limited processing ability, memory and power supply, provide unique design challenges at transport protocol. Therefore, assuring reliable data delivery between sensor nodes and the sink in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a challenging task. A reliable protocol in wireless sensor network is a protocol that allows data transfer reliably from source to destination with reasonable packet loss. The current issues of transport protocol are how to implement reliable data transport, congestion control and energy efficient. Most of the existing transport protocols only provide reliable data transport or congestion control. However, there are several protocols that provide both functions of the transport protocol. To overcome these issues, the transport layer protocols that provide both reliable data delivery and congestion control should be taken under consideration. Besides that, transport layer algorithm also allow maximum network lifetime due to limited operating lifetime of sensor node. Thus, to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor network, an efficient transport protocol need to support reliable message delivery and provide congestion control in most energy efficient. This paper focuses on the existing transport protocols and the future protocol that provide the entire requirement of transport protocol.

Proposed transport protocol for reliable data transfer in wireless sensor network (WSN)

The issues of green technology nowadays give an inspiration to the researcher to make all the future design to be energy efficient. Medium Access Control (MAC) layer is the most effective layer to provide energy efficient due to its ability to control the physical radio directly. One of the important applications in the future is a video transmission that can be transmitted with low-cost and low power consumption. MPEG-4 is one of the international standards for moving video. MPEG-4 provide better compression and primarily design at low bit rate communication. In order to achieve good quality for video application, the design at MAC layer must be strong. Therefore, to increase the performance of the MPEG-4 in IEEE 802.15.4, in this paper we propose a cross layer design between MAC layer and Application layer. A priority queue will be implemented at MAC scheduling depends on the level of frame important in MPEG-4 format frame. A distributed Time division Multiple Access (TDMA) will be used for MAC protocol to provide reliable data transmission for high priority frame.

MPEG-4 video transmission using distributed TDMA MAC protocol over IEEE 802.15.4 wireless technology

Data transportation over resources constraint and noisy channel of wireless sensor network (WSN) is very challenging in term of guaranteeing the data survival along the transmission. However, with the convergence of different research areas such as routing, source and channel coding techniques, the WSN technology has successfully been tremendously developed. This paper proposes an on-the-fly data recovery (ODR) scheme using network coding in order to enhance the robustness of the network against packet loss. Along with the ODR scheme, the packet loss formulation is presented while a network model for a network coding designed is also introduced namely for erasure channel. The data generated by the sources are transferred to the destination through relay nodes via three transmission paths. In ODR process, the lost packet is recovered by a relay node by listening to the transmission of two adjacent nodes and performing the XOR operation on the listened packets. We provide the analytical study on network coding performance and conducting the simulation experiment to verify it. In the simulation studies, we have also compared the performance of the network using network coding with and without packet recovery. The result shows that the number of packet loss has been reduced significantly using the proposed scheme compared to the network with normal network coding.

Data Recovery in Wireless Sensor Networks using Network Coding

Recently, reliable data transport in wireless sensor network becomes very crucial for real-time application with different application requirements. Real time multimedia application requires large bandwidth and big memory in the network in order to send video data and needs to arrive at destination in time. Data that arrives at the receiver not in time will be discarded and cannot be played because loss recovery through retransmission of data loss may introduce long delays. Therefore, an implementation of transport protocol in wireless sensor network for multimedia application is a challenging task. Traditional protocol likes TCP and UDP cannot directly applied for real-time communication over wireless sensor network because the lack of functions of real-time services and the unique characteristics of sensor node itself. However there is another transport protocol which is the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) that provides multi-stream service for single connection. This feature can be applied for video transmission according to the type of frame to be transmitted. Thus, to achieve the high reliability video data delivery, the advantages of multi-streaming features in SCTP with the combination of low data rate wireless sensor networks will be applied for the new proposed transport protocol. Besides that, transport protocol algorithm also allows maximum network lifetime due to the limited operating lifetime of sensor node and multimedia also is a highly power consuming task. Thus, to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor network, an efficient transport protocol need to support reliable message delivery and provide congestion control in the most energy efficient. This paper focuses on the existing transport protocols for real-time application and the future protocol that provides the entire requirement of transport protocol.

/pdf/proposed-technique-for-transport-protocol-in-wireless-sensor-402b1ntmqr.pdf

Proposed Technique for Transport Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for Multimedia Application

Wireless sensor network has caused a lot of interest in many applications especially in real-time multimedia data transfer over wireless network which is known as wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN). Even though such application is quite complex and very challenging to be realized, the availability of CMOS camera and microphones with low cost, low power and small size has reduce the complexity of developing the WMSN. Apart from this, there are several subjects that may also contribute toward the realization of WMSN such as routing protocol, source coding and channel coding. This research is focusing on network coding which is one of the most important research interests since a few years ago due to its ability to increase the throughput and reduce energy consumption of the wireless network system. Many ideas have been proposed involving several network coding schemes based on applications in certain wireless network standard. This project is aimed for multimedia application in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor network. Therefore, the constraint of this standard must be taken into consideration in the propose network coding scheme.

Proposed network coding for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN)

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