TL;DR: To understand evolution in the family it is critical to investigate potential morphological characters that can help to evaluate the basal lineages of the Asteraceae, and many characters were examined but most of the useful ones were from reproductive structures.
TL;DR: This study supports further DNA-based clades by style morphology by establishing 15 style types in view of shape, bifurcation and distribution of stylar hairs and stigmatic tissue in Asteraceae.
TL;DR: Results from phylogenetic analyses of the sequence data are congruent with earlier reports that support two independent introductions from different lineages of the basal Asteraceae resulting in the diversification of these taxa in the Guiana Highlands.
Abstract: Eight of the ten genera of the Guiana Highlands shrubby Mutisieae were sequenced for the ITS and ETS of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Results from phylogenetic analyses of the sequence data are congruent with earlier reports that support two independent introductions from different lineages of the basal Asteraceae resulting in the diversification of these taxa in the Guiana Highlands. The two clades segregated according to corolla symmetry. The five genera with bilabiate corollas, Achnopogon, Duidaea, Eurydochus, Gongylolepis and Neblinaea, were supported with members of subfamily Stifftioideae whereas those with actinomorphic corollas, Chimantaea, Stenopadus and Stomatochaeta, constitute a monophyletic group sister to Wunderlichia and strongly supported in the Wunderlichioideae. Resolution, but not statistical support, was found for relationships within the Guiana Highlands shrubby Mutisieae.
TL;DR: The largest family of flowering plants Asteraceae (Compositae) is found to contain 12 major lineages rather than five as previously suggested, contradict earlier hypotheses that early divergences in the family took place on and spread from the Guayana Highlands and raise new hypotheses about how Asteraceae dispersed out of the continent of their origin.