White certificates

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyse the interactions between energy efficiency measures and renewable energy promotion, whereas previous analyses have focused on the interaction between emissions trading schemes (ETS) and energy efficient measures and ETS and renewable energies promotion schemes and consider other instruments, particularly feed-in tariffs for renewable electricity.

TL;DR: In this article, the main tensions between carbon reduction and fuel poverty alleviation within energy efficiency obligations are discussed, and alternative approaches to targeting fuel poverty within future supplier obligations are proposed.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the nature and scale of transaction costs (TCs) borne by obliged parties under a "Tradable White Certificate" (TWC) scheme and found that the most significant sources of TCs were related to search for information, persuading customers and negotiating with managing agents/contractors to implement energy efficiency measures.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use the theoretical framework of Transaction Cost Economics to elaborate the issues of trading white certificates and conclude that transaction costs and investment specificity will restrict markets for white certificates in practice.