Wheeling

Abstract: The cost of wheeling and the methodology by which it is computed is a high priority problem throughout the power industry due to the growth in transmission facilities, the cost differentials between utility companies, and the dramatic growth in nonutility generation capacity. This paper contains descriptions and summaries of computational procedures and data requirements of four embedded cost methodologies, two long-run incremental cost methods and the short run marginal cost method. Four methodologies are also presented for allocating the wheeling costs among a number of wheels when simultaneously present on a company's system as required for the standard long-run incremental cost method. >

Abstract: The discussion about the effect of repeated short time wheeling on long-term changes in soil structure and pore functioning reveals a great uncertainty. On the one hand it is told that soil structure elements are rigid and do not undergo intense changes in pore functions as a consequence of the short loading interval during each single wheeling. On the other hand, the complete deterioration of the structure elements and pore functions is assumed to occur, which also results in changes of the shrinkage pattern, soil strength including even strength regain. Consequently, the effect of wheeling on soil deformation and stress/strain distribution was investigated in a soil bin which contained Hiwassee clay at the NSDL, Auburn. If the soil is very strong due to aggregation, plow pan formation or dryness, soil stress applied by repeated wheeling results in an increased primarily vertical soil particle displacement in the Hiwassee clay soil while during repeated wheeling (up to 10×) a more pronounced displacement linked with a more intense movement of particles can be proofed. With increasing number of wheeling events, new platy or again coherent structure elements are formed, which create a very different pore system. The more intense is soil wheeling, the smaller is the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the higher is the unsaturated one at a given pore water pressure value. Such changes are the more pronounced the more completed is the rearrangement of the still existing aggregates into new units like plates. Due to shear because of the three-dimensional soil displacement even under dry conditions such aggregates can be redisturbed and a coherent but very compacted soil horizon can be formed. Under those conditions the values of bulk density are even higher than the Proctor density.

Abstract: As deregulation dawns, electric utilities are awakening to the fact that power quality counts with many a customer-and counts for a lot. Even now, the groundwork is being laid worldwide for a new type of service contract between a utility and its large industrial or commercial clients. In brief, the utility promises to supply its customer's operations with power above a certain level of "quality", and the customer promises to buy power from no-one else for as long as the contract lasts-a valuable concession now that retail wheeling has clients in those categories picking and choosing among suppliers in the electric power industry.

Abstract: The power industry is moving rapidly from regulated conventional setup to a deregulated environment. There is an urgent need to keep a track of international experiences and activities taking place in this emerging field. This paper gives a bibliographical survey and general backgrounds of research and development in the field of power system wheeling under deregulated environment based on over 170 published articles. Wheeling in general and the establishment of wheeling rate in particular, are subjects of extensive debate today. This will be very much useful for all countries, especially those developing countries which are moving toward the unbundling of electricity supply industry (ESI). The collected literature have been divided into many section, so that new researchers do not face any difficulty for obtaining literature particularly in the area of wheeling of power under deregulated environment.