Abstract: The purpose of this study was to answer the following two questions: What are clinical nurses’ rationales for their approaches to finding patient educational materials on the web? What are perceived barriers and benefits associated with the use of web-based information resources for patient education in the context of nursing clinical practice? Over 179 individual data units were analyzed to understand clinical nurses’ rationales for their approaches to find patient educational materials on the web. Rationales were defined as those underlying catalysts or activators leading to an information need. Analyses found that the primary reasons why clinical nurses conducted web-based information searches included direct patient requests ( 9 requests), colleague requests (6 requests), building patient materials collections (4), patients’ family requests (3), routine teaching (1), personal development (1), or staff development (1). From these data, four broad themes emerged: professional reasons, personal reasons, technology reasons, and organization reasons for selecting information resources. Content analysis identified 306 individual data units representing either ‘benefits’ (178 units) or ‘barriers’ (128) to the nurses’ use of web resources for on-unit patient care. Inter-rater reliability was assessed and found to be excellent (r = 0.943 to 0.961). The primary themes that emerged as barriers to the used of web-based resources included: 1) time requirements to perform a search, 2) nurses’ experience and knowledge about the resources or required technology, 3) specific characteristics of individuals electronic information resources, and 4) organizational procedures and policies. Three primary themes that represented the benefits of using web-based resources were also identified: 1) past experiences and knowledge of a specific resource or the required technologies, 2) availability and accessibility on the unit, and 3) specific characteristics of individual information tool. In many cases, nurses commented on specific characteristics or features of favorite information resources. Favorite sites included a variety or reputable health care organizations that displayed context in text, audio, and/or video. In addition such sites were described as easy-to read and provided content related to patient-focused information or specific content such as toll free telephone contact numbers. Information searching is the interaction between and among information users and computer-based information systems. Information seeking is becoming an important part of the knowledge work of nurses. Information seeking and searching intersects with the field of human computer interaction (HCI), which focuses on all aspects of human, and computer interactions. Users of an information system are understood as “actors” in situations, with a set of skills and shared practices based on work experiences with others. Designing better tools and developing information searching strategies that support, extend, and transform practices, begins by asking: Who are the users? What are the tasks? What is the interplay between the technology and the organization of the task? This study contributes fundamental data and information about the rationales nurses use in information seeking tasks. In addition it provides empirical evidences regarding barriers and benefits of information seeking in the context of patient education needs in inpatient clinical settings.

Abstract: An exemplary computer-implemented method for generating reputation ratings for URLs may include (1) identifying a URL that identifies the location of at least one web resource, (2) identifying the computing health of at least one member of a computing community that has accessed the URL, (3) generating, based at least in part on the computing health of the member(s) that accessed the URL, a reputation rating for the URL that indicates whether the URL represents a potential security risk, and then (4) providing the reputation rating for the URL to at least one additional computing device to enable the additional computing device to evaluate whether the URL represents a potential security risk. In addition, a client-side, computer-implemented method for determining whether a URL represents a potential security risk may be based at least in part on such a reputation rating. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.

Abstract: Nowadays, it is hard to find a popular Web site with a registration form that is not protected by an automated human proof test which displays a sequence of characters in an image, and requests the user to enter the sequence into an input field. This security mechanism is based on the Turing Test—one of the oldest concepts in Artificial Intelligence—and it is most often called Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA). This kind of test has been conceived to prevent the automated access to an important Web resource, for example, a Web mail service or a Social Network. There are currently hundreds of these tests, which are served millions of times a day, thus involving a huge amount of human work. On the other side, a number of these tests have been broken, that is, automated programs designed by researchers, hackers, and spammers have been able to automatically serve the correct answer. In this chapter, we present the history and the concept of CAPTCHAs, along with their applications and a wide review of their instantiations. We also discuss their evaluation, both from the user and the security perspectives, including usability, attacks, and countermeasures. We expect this chapter provides to the reader a good overview of this interesting field.

Abstract: Today, the Internet has become a resource where human users expect to find answers. If Web information and services are so useful for human users, then why not share these resources with autonomous software and robotic systems? A significant barrier to realizing this goal is the mismatch in the design and operation of robotic systems when compared to Web-oriented paradigms such as service-oriented computing. In this article, we introduce both developmental and operational paradigms, whereas robots can be outfitted with Web-oriented software interfaces that give them access to universally standard Web resources.

Abstract: The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning. The perspective of Semantic Web is to promote the quality and intelligence of the current web by changing its contents into machine understandable form. Therefore, semantic level information is one of the cornerstones of the Semantic Web. The process of adding semantic metadata to web resources is called Semantic Annotation. There are many obstacles against the Semantic Annotation, such as multilinguality, scalability, and issues which are related to diversity and inconsistency in content of different web pages. Due to the wide range of domains and the dynamic environments that the Semantic Annotation systems must be performed on, the problem of automating annotation process is one of the significant challenges in this domain. To overcome this problem, different machine learning approaches such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning and more recent ones like, semi-supervised learning and active learning have been utilized. In this paper we present an inclusive layered classification of Semantic Annotation challenges and discuss the most important issues in this field. Also, we review and analyze machine learning applications for solving semantic annotation problems. For this goal, the article tries to closely study and categorize related researches for better understanding and to reach a framework that can map machine learning techniques into the Semantic Annotation challenges and requirements.

Abstract: Although varieties of investigations have been done on human semantic interactions with Web resources, no advanced and considerable progresses have been achieved. It could be said that comparative shopping systems are the last generations of B2C eCommerce systems that connect to multiple online stores and collect the information requested by the user. In some cases, the information is extracted from the online store sites through keyword search and other means of textual analysis. These processes make use of assumptions about the proximity of certain pieces of information. These heuristic approaches are error-prone and are not always guaranteed to work. In this paper, we propose an ontology-based approach to extract the products’ information and the vendors’ price from their public Web sites’ pages. Although most vendors on the Web present their products’ information in HTML documents that are not semantic formats. However, our approach is based on understanding semantics of HTML documents and extracting the information automatically.

Abstract: This paper proposes a collective intelligence strategy for emerging semantic data. It presents a combination of social web practices with semantic web technologies to enrich existing web resources with semantic data. The paper introduces a social semantic tagging approach called Semdrops. Semdrops defines a conceptual model which is an extension of the Gruber's tag model where the tag concept is extended to semantic tag. Semdrops is implemented as a Firefox add-on tool that turns the web browser into a collaborative semantic data editor. To validate Semdrops's approach, we conducted an evaluation and usability studies and compared the results with automatic generation methods of semantic data such as DBpedia. The studies demonstrated that Semdrops is an effective and complementary approach to produce adequate semantic data on the Web.

Abstract: This specification describes technologies relating to content presentation. In general, one aspect of the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in methods that include the actions of receiving a request to generate a mobile application associated with a collection of web resources; presenting a template to a user, the template being configured to receive user input specifying features of the mobile application to be generated and identifying corresponding resources of the collection of web resources; and processing, using one or more processors, the received template data to automatically generate the mobile application for the collection of web resources and including the user specified features. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, and computer program products.

Abstract: Advancements in wireless networks and mobile device capabilities enable ubiquitous access for Web resources anywhere anytime. Web service technologies enable rapid and low-cost development of networked and portable applications. The successful convergence of these technologies produces mobile Web services provisioning, where mobile devices can host and provide Web services. However, the resource constraints of mobile devices and the characteristics of wireless networks pose key challenges to mobile Web services provisioning. Several research efforts have studied the Web services provisioning from mobile devices, however, they address specific aspects in isolation which may yield inefficient Web service provisioning. This paper proposes a generic framework for efficient Web services provisioning in mobile heterogeneous environments with resource-constrained mobile devices. We demonstrate the proposed framework using a use-case scenario and a sample prototype. A preliminary provisioning prototype shows that the framework is able to provide reliable and personalized Web services while maintaining the service availability.

Abstract: CROKODIL is a platform supporting resource-based learning scenarios for self-directed, on-task learning with web resources. As CROKODIL enables the forming of possibly large learning communities, the stored data is growing in a large scale. Thus, an appropriate recommendation of tags and learning resources becomes increasingly important for supporting learners. We propose semantic relatedness between tags and resources as a basis of recommendation and identify Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA) using Wikipedia as reference corpus as a viable option. However, data from CROKODIL shows that tags and resources are often composed in different languages. Thus, a monolingual approach to provide recommendations is not applicable in CROKODIL. Thus, we examine strategies for providing mappings between different languages, extending ESA to provide cross-lingual capabilities. Specifically, we present mapping strategies that utilize additional semantic information contained in Wikipedia. Based on CROKODIL's application scenario, we present an evaluation design and show results of cross-lingual ESA.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a network device and/or method for generating a dynamic walled garden. The disclosed network device a network device receives an Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) response from a second network device. The HTTP response comprises one or more web resources, which are the only web resources accessible to unauthenticated clients. The network device further extracts the web resources from the HTTP response, and enforces enforcing an access policy based on the extracted web resources.

Abstract: Publicly accessible linking information is to establish a trusted relationship between reciprocally linked entities controlling web resources, such as websites or web logs. A method of establishing a trust relationship between two entities identifying a user-installed link to a second web resource in a first web resource. Next, the method determines when a reciprocal link is made in the second web resource directed to the first web resource and creates a trust relationship between the entities based on the reciprocal link.

Abstract: On-the-job learning is primarily a personal knowledge acquisition process accomplished increasingly based on resources found on the Web. These days, collaboratively learning from and with others on the Web is taking on a very prominent position in this learning process. CROKODIL aims to provide support for collaborative learning based on web resources. In this paper, we introduce our learning scenario and an evaluation of our target group. We describe our pedagogical concepts, and present the results of an evaluation of these concepts. CROKODIL supports the semantic tagging of resources as well as the collaborative use of these resources and their information. Social networking functionalities are integrated in the platform to encourage and support collaborative learning. We also present some extensions to the base functionality of the platform, such as resource recommendations and interfaces for the integration in existing learning management systems.

Abstract: This article proposes an idea of "natural language processing based on naturally annotated Web resources".The discussion is carried out from three perspectives: the definition and types of naturally annotated resources,naturally annotated resource-based computing,as well as several key points concerned at the methodological level.A fundamental problem is presented for further exploration at last: If we could explore and integrate all the information provided by all the available naturally annotated resourcesin different respectssystematically,can themachine,as expected,ultimatelyachieve some degree of deep understanding of naturallanguage?

Abstract: This paper describes the process of identifying novice researchers’ information needs. The study sampled postgraduate students at the Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Malaysia. The study utilized three types of data gathering techniques: (a) observations to gauge further understanding the novice researchers’ information seeking behaviour while searching for research related sources on the Web; (b) a questionnaire-based survey to identify the artifact or the resources they use for the research activities; and (c) interviews with expert researchers to gauge further information needs of novice researchers. Results indicate that novice researchers rely on thesis, e-book, journals and conference proceedings as major scholarly resources. The facilitation of searching for research information on the Web is poorly supported by existing search engines. As such, the information seeking behaviour of novice researchers needs to be supported by specific research tools. Five important research information that novice researchers need to be acquainted with are: related literature, centre of research excellence, research trend, experts in specific research area and the specific databases and online resources. The paper put forward features of an institutional repository system that would support novice researchers’ scholarly activities based on their research information needs.

Abstract: SA-REST, the W3C member submission, can be used for supporting a wide variety of Plain Old Semantic HTML (POSH) annotation capabilities on any type of Web resource. Kino framework and tools provide support of capabilities to realize SA-REST‟s promised value. These tools include (a) a browser-plugin to support annotation of a Web resource (including services) with respect to an ontology, domain model or vocabulary, (b) an annotation aware indexing engine and (c) faceted search and selection of the Web resources. At one end of the spectrum, we present Kino E (aka Kino for Enterprise) which uses NCBO formal ontologies and associated services for searching ontologies and mappings, for annotating RESTful services and Web APIs, which are then used to support faceted search. At another end of the spectrum, we present Kino W (aka Kino for the Web), capable of adding SA-REST or Microdata annotations to Web pages, using Schema.org as a model and Linked Open Data (LOD) as a knowledge base. We also present two use cases based on Kino E and the benefits to data and service integration enabled through this annotation approach.

Abstract: Librarians at the State University of New York at Buffalo implemented the Resources for International Students Web guide to support library outreach to a multicultural and multilingual audience. A focus group helped librarians to understand the needs of new international students and tailor Web resources accordingly. In addition to creating awareness of international student cultural challenges, this article presents focus-group guidelines to assist in the planning process of library services and resources.

Abstract: The Semantic Web is an evolving development of the World Wide Web in which the meaning of information and services on the web is defined, making it possible for the web to understand and satisfy the requests of people and machines to use the web content. RDF and OWL is published by W3C for the standard of Semantic Web languages which can define relationships and structures between Web resources. Since the start of Semantic Web, the semantic web data is incrementally increased by Portal, Search Engines and Linking Open Data project. Therefore, the necessity of mining useful knowledge from huge size ontology is highly expected. However, the semantic web ontology has special characteristics to apply traditional decision tree algorithm which is the most popular in classification data mining. To overcome these problems, we proposed Semantic Decision Tree Algorithm which can perform on the semantic web ontology. This algorithm will help to mine the covered knowledge in the semantic web data.

Abstract: The area of semantics and services has been extremely active in recent years. Advances in making semantic information explicit and machine-interpretable were key to effectively exploit data from disparate sources. In such context, Web Semantic technologies, such as ontologies explicit formal definition of common set of terms describing and representing domains and their relations have emerged as an integration framework to record, distinguish, operate, and integrate web resources. The ability to support inferential reasoning makes ontologies a promising tool for knowledge management. Traditional ontology languages, such as the Web Ontology Language OWL (Patel-Schneider et al., 2004; Heflin, 2004), allow computers to effectively infer multiple meanings for a word, such as “night,”1 but it lacks the ability to finely grade their respective plausibility within contexts. This limitation comes directly from the fact that inferential reasoning in traditional ontologies relies on different flavors of classical logic to support automated reasoning. Although acceptable in a relatively small and well-defined domains with complete and consistent information sources, this is a serious limitation when dealing with open world environments such as the Semantic Web, in which information comes from diverse sources and is often incomplete, inaccurate, or unreliable. Such circumstances could, notably, lead to poor knowledge reuse and integration, reinforcing the need for means to represent and to reason with uncertain information in a principled fashion. For instance, representations based on natural language are intrinsically uncertain, and with little effort anyone can find domains that are strictly bounded to dealing with uncertainty.2 How can we share, integrate or reuse information when there are so many sources of uncertainty? PR-OWL, pronounced as “prowl”, is an approach to face that shortcoming, by extending OWL to enable probabilistic ontology representation. It is a language based on MEBN Multi-Entity Bayesian Network, a formalism that brings together the expressiveness of first-order logic and the inferential power of Bayesian Networks.

Abstract: This first module provides some insight into the need for better use of animal genetic resources (AnGR) in the context of projected demand for food in developing countries until 2020. Worldwide, 850 million people do not have enough to eat; a livestock revolution is currently underway to meet the nutritional needs for improvement of the livelihood of poor people. The module provides the background, facts and reasons for increased attention to improved utilisation and the maintenance of AnGR in developing countries. It also provides a list of some key literature. References and links are made to web resources [blue] and to other parts of this resource [burgundy]. Some case studies on breed resources and other relevant components of this resource (CD and the web version) help illustrate the issues presented. Contents

Abstract: The invention relates to the technical field of network safety, in particular to an access link overwriting method of a security socket layer virtual private network (SSL VPN), which aims to solve the problem that it is easy for the WEB resources of an intranet to be exposed and the problem that the safety is not high when a user accesses the WEB resources in the prior art. The access link overwriting method of SSL VPN is implemented by the following steps that: 1, an administrator configures the WEB resources to be accessed, wherein each WEB resource has a unique identifier for marking the identity and the identifier comprises a resource identifier and an intranet uniform resource locator (URL) address; 2, the user accesses the WEB resources through virtual URL path with a resource identifier; and 3, an SSL VPN gateway inspects the URL path of a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) or HTTPS request of the user and substitutes the URL path with a corresponding intranet URL address so as to normally access the intranet resources. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantage of high safety.

Abstract: The problem of designing a municipal clinic website and selecting a number of its elements ensuring proper, ergonomic, and easily accessed services is discussed. The poor performance of the website infrastructure of state and municipal healthcare institutions necessitated an analysis of web resources used in different countries at different stages in providing healthcare services. The information resources of healthcare institutions in the United Kingdom, USA, and Germany were studied according to three existing healthcare economic models.

Abstract: This article examines Web resources in research articles from 30 scholarly journals in disciplines across the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. The purpose of the study is to report the degree to which scholars make use of Web-based resources in the journal literature and to identify Web citation characteristics within different subject areas. The study also explores whether any changes emerged between 2001 and 2007. The examination confirms the finding of previous studies that, even though Web resources are not heavily used in journal articles, the number of such resources is increasing. Publicly accessible database repositories and open source software prevail over other Web resources in research communication. The implications for academic libraries are discussed. The study suggests that new strategies need to be developed to manage Web-based information resources.

Abstract: One of the main challenges for biomedical research lies in the integrative study of large and increasingly complex combinations of data in order to understand molecular mechanisms, for instance to explain the onset and progression of human diseases. Computer-assisted methodology is needed to perform these studies, posing new challenges for upholding scientific quality standards for the reproducibility of science. This pertains to the preservation of the 'materials and methods' of computational experiments as a record of the evidence for the biological interpretation of their results. We argue that traditional journal publication is no longer sufficient, and propose a methodology based on the workflow paradigm, Semantic Web models, and Digital Library infrastructure.Our primary goal is to enable the preservation of the necessary and sufficient information for researchers to understand the steps of a computational experiment that led to new biological insight, at any point in the future. Central to our approach is the development of a 'Research Object' (RO) model that captures this information for preservation, publication and acknowledgement. We adopted a combination of a Semantic Web and Digital Library approach for the representation and publication of such a model. The RO model can be viewed as an artifact that aggregates and annotates a number of resources that are used and/or produced in a given scientific investigation. The figure below (Figure 1) illustrates a high level description of the elements that are needed to specify a research object.A resource can be a workflow, web service, document, data item, data set, workflow run, software or a research object. Instead of building a new model, we use the Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) for specifying aggregation of resources, and Annotation Ontology (AO) for their annotations. ORE defines standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of Web resources. For example, a Research Object can be defined as an ore:Aggregation, and an ore:ResourceMap can be used to describe the research object and its constituent resources (ro:ResearchObject a owhClass; rdfs:subClassOf ore:Aggregation). Annotations in a RO are specified using the Annotation Ontology, which provides a common model for document metadata, typically for annotating electronic documents or parts of electronic documents. Together with domain-specific vocabularies that extend the generic RO model we can specifically annotate the roles of the individual resources. We aim to develop tooling that facilitates annotation at each step of the research cycle, harvesting metadata from users in small steps.We present an example of an instantiated prototype RO in the context of a study of Metabolic Syndrome, for which we perform computational experiments that help interpret Genome Wide Association Data by using a special text mining method [1]. While we conceived the experiment, designed and performed it, we populated the prototype RO model and annotated the entities to describe their role and their interrelationships. For instance, we defined that 'a particular ranked list of candidate biological processes was produced by a particular workflow run', for which we assert that 'this particular workflow run is a run instance of a specific GWAS Interpretation Workflow', and 'a specific Text Mining Web Service is used in this particular GWAS Interpretation Workflow', while 'a particular GWAS data set is input to the workflow run'. We also defined that the 'RO is created by Kristina Hettne', 'created at a particular time and date', 'motivated by a particular hypothesis', and 'the result is interpretated through a particular change in the hypothesis'. ROs can also refer to previous work of which the output was used in the experiment. ROs may be related to each other and other resources, which can create a graph of scientific progress.The results presented here are the outcomes of the EU FP7 project 'Wf4Ever that aims to provide tools and recommendations for digitally preserving computational experiments.

Abstract: As of today, a lot of different approaches have been dealing with the presentation of art history resources on the Web. While the majority of these focused on traditional 2D methods of display, some did introduce the application of 3D visualization metaphors. Such environments were, however, usually tailored to a specific collection or topic, such as a featured artist or epoch. Meanwhile, the increasing availability of valuable metadata resources has opened up the perspective for the automatic creation of such 3D environments by integrating semantic data sources through the Web. In this work we therefore present a prototype that automatically constructs a 3D environment from semantic art history related Web resources, offering users the opportunity to explore art history following the visualized structure of relations between historical actors of the field. Traversing this historical social network enables users to encounter previously unknown artists and their work in a serendipitous way.

Abstract: The Real World Internet or the Web of Things has brought an approach to integrate wireless sensor devices in a manner that is natural to the Web, where sensors are exposed as addressable web resources like any other web resource. Although there is still a clear deficiency with regards to managing the mobility of the sensor devices in this approach, and how it affects the service and the users interacting with it. The work presented here addresses this issue and aims to provide an approach towards maintaining service continuity of migrating sensor devices in a framework that builds upon the concept of the 'Web of Things'.

Abstract: Today’s online experience has literally added a new dimension to our information seeking activities, presenting users with a vast array of options. A considerable amount of information has migrated from the print world and is now available electronically. Thus, a lot of people immediately associate the World Wide Web (WWW) with information and its related activities. This association partly prompted this study of the Web-based information-seeking behaviour of students and staff at the University of Zululand (rural based) and the Durban University of Technology (urban based). The selected institutions were assumed to be at different levels of development because of the country’s history and the institutions’ locations. Both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies were employed in a survey. The main research instrument was a questionnaire, supported by limited interviews. The results show that the Web is a platform that people in academia have come to rely on, although only a few of its many channels are used significantly. A number of challenges were identified, chief among them being connectivity problems. Bandwidth was particularly problematic and made worse by the two institutions’ large student populations. Relevant infrastructure (computer laboratories, computers, etc.) seemed available, although inadequate. The study recommends comprehensive training programs that address the skills’ deficiencies noted. It is also necessary to institute mechanisms that improve both physical and intellectual access to Web resources.

Abstract: This chapter describes how teachers can use technology to build learning materials and non-traditional lessons that incorporate heritage and history. Students are expected in these lessons to be engaged by a combination of mathematics, cultural heritage, and technological presentation. The chapter describes a project carried out in a teacher training college and presents the structure of the web-based learning environment. Preservice teachers who participated in the project developed the online materials and carried out the educational activities. The technological tools used to build learning materials were based on ICT pedagogical models and were integrated into the mathematical lessons. The chapter also describes various models and teaching settings in which heritage and technology can be utilized and integrated, followed by an example lesson plan which elaborates on the model. The chapter also describes the educational, pedagogical, technical, and logistical difficulties that the preservice teachers confronted during the project. They also struggled with reading historical material and relating it to mathematics. Semi structured interviews revealed that the preservice teachers overcame these difficulties by reflection and by communicating and collaborating with each other and with their lecturers. A questionnaire with yes-no items was used to collect data about attitudes and perceptions of the preservice teachers during the project. They viewed this technological project connected with their heritage as fun, benefiting them, making them proud of their mathematical heritage, and encouraging them to use such projects in their future teaching.