Abstract: Current internet research has been influenced by application developers and computer engineers who see the development of the Web as being divided into three different stages: Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. This article will argue that this understanding – although important when analysing the political economy of the Web – can have serious limitations when applied to everyday contexts and the lived experience of technologies. Drawing from the context of the Italian student movement, we show that the division between Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 is often deconstructed by activists’ media practices. Therefore, we highlight the importance of developing an approach that – by focusing on practice – draws attention to the interplay between Web platforms rather than their transition. This approach, we believe, is essential to the understanding of the complex relationship between Web developments, human negotiations and everyday social contexts.

Abstract: This paper makes three contributions: first, we suggest a clear, concise definition of Web 2.0, something that has eluded other authors, including the Tim O'Reilly the originator of the concept. Second, prior work has focused largely on the implications of Web 2.0 for producers of content, usually corporations or government agencies. This paper is one of the few analyses of Web 2.0 from the point of view of users. Third, we characterize the creative activity of Web 2.0 users. In addition to their active content production, they are unusually active users of the Internet for entertainment. In multivariate models predicting Web 2.0, the most consistently important variables are technical ability, comfort revealing personal data and, particularly, Web 2.0 confidence. These variables suggest that despite the apparent simplicity of FaceBook or of typing a book review on Amazon, ability remains very important in the eyes of users. For many, there appears to be something daunting about contributing to Web 2.0 ac...

Abstract: The recommendation of products, content and services cannot be considered newly born, although its widespread application is still in full swing. While its growing success in numerous sectors, the progress of the Social Web has revolutionized the architecture of participation and relationship in the Web, making it necessary to restate recommendation and reconciling it with Collaborative Tagging, as the popularization of authoring in the Web, and Social Networking, as the translation of personal relationships to the Web. Precisely, the convergence of recommendation with the above Social Web pillars is what motivates this book, which has collected contributions from well-known experts in the academy and the industry to provide a broader view of the problems that Social Recommenders might face with. If recommender systems have proven their key role in facilitating the user access to resources on the Web, when sharing resources has become social, it is natural for recommendation strategies in the Social Web era take into account the users point of view and the relationships among users to calculate their predictions. This book aims to help readers to discover and understand the interplay among legal issues such as privacy; technical aspects such as interoperability and scalability; and social aspects such as the influence of affinity, trust, reputation and likeness, when the goal is to offer recommendations that are truly useful to both the user and the provider.

Abstract: Web engineering is the application of systematic and quantifiable approaches (concepts, methods, techniques, tools) to cost-effective requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, operation, and maintenance of high quality web applications. Over the past years, Content Management Systems (CMS) have emerged as an important foundation for the web engineering process. CMS can be defined as a tool for the creation, editing and management of web information in an integral way. A CMS appears to be of value since it provides a standardized platform for web development with a set of functionalities that allow users (or business owners of the website) to manage the website without the need for technical knowledge. However, developing CMS-based web applications can be complex to implement because of the dual lifecycle of CMS-implementations, matching requirements with software product capabilities, customizations to meet end-user requirements and maintenance processes once the application has been implemented. To overcome the numerous implementation failures, our research is focused on the web engineering process for the development of CMS-based web applications. The hypothesis on which my research is based is that this can be solved by providing methodical support to organizations in the form of an integrated development and an implementation model that provides the activities and deliverables to guide the development of CMS-based web applications. We propose the Web Engineering Method (WEM) as a situational development method for web engineering process of high quality CMS-based web applications. We use the situational method-engineering approach to gather relevant method fragments from several web engineering methods and combined them into WEM. We also explored two methods to innovate WEM: the concepts of Model Driven web engineering with the purpose of improving the realization process by automating the configuration of the CMS, and the concepts of product verticalization where we identified commonalities in implementations of CMS-based web applications and provide a method for the improvement of WEM. The main contribution is a detailed overview of WEM: the implementation process of CMS-based web applications. There are many publications in the fields of web engineering, but a complete description on how to cope with a CMS, as a foundation for web applications does not exist. The process descriptions tell the scientific community how we combined existing methods and created a new method using a situational method engineering approach. We provide an overview of key concepts of CMS that we take into account during the process description. We also present a number of improvements for developing CMS-based web applications based on a model driven approach and in the dual lifecycle of content management systems. These contributions provide organizations that implement a CMS with guidelines and best practices, which allow them to improve the overall quality of the CMS-based web application. Simultaneously, software developers creating CMS can improve the software product and the way it is implemented using a model-driven approach or product-verticalization. Organizations looking for a CMS-based web application have a detailed process overview of all the steps involved, best practices, potential pitfalls and suggestions for improvement

Abstract: Quality assurance of Web applications is a challenge, due to the large number and variance of involved components. In particular, rich Web 2.0 applications based on JavaScript pose new challenges for testing, as a simple crawling through links covers only a small part of the functionality. The WEBMATE approach automatically explores and navigates through arbitrary Web 2.0 applications. WEBMATE addresses challenges such as interactive elements, state abstraction, and non-determinism in large applications; we demonstrate its usage for regular application testing as well as for cross-browser testing.

Abstract: The World Wide Web offers a vast array of data in many forms. The majority of this data is structured for presentation to humans, in the form of HTML tables, lists, and forms-based search interfaces. Building systems that offer data integration services on this vast collection of data raises several unique challenges. We begin by describing different approaches for accessing and querying data that is on the deep Web , referring to data that is stored in databases and available only by querying HTML forms. We then consider how to aggregate data from many Web sources to create topical portals and how to provide search over the collection of data tables on the Web. Finally, we discuss recent work that allows users with varying technical skills to perform lightweight tasks with data they find on the Web.

Abstract: Web services are playing an important role in e-business and e-commerce applications. As web service applications are interoperable and can work on any platform, large scale distributed systems can be developed easily using web services. Finding most suitable web service from vast collection of web services is very crucial for successful execution of applications. Traditional web service discovery approach is a keyword based search using UDDI. Various other approaches for discovering web services are also available. Some of the discovery approaches are syntax based while other are semantic based. Having system for service discovery which can work automatically is also the concern of service discovery approaches. As these approaches are different, one solution may be better than another depending on requirements. Selecting a specific service discovery system is a hard task. In this paper, we give an overview of different approaches for web service discovery described in literature. We present a survey of how these approaches differ from each other.

Abstract: We present an approach for the lightweight development of web information systems based on the idea of involving crowds in the underlying engineering and design processes. Our approach is designed to support developers as well as non-technical end-users in composing data-driven web interfaces in a plug-n-play manner. To enable this, we introduce the notion of crowdsourced web site components whose design can gradually evolve as they get associated with more data and functionality contributed by the crowd. Hence, required components must not necessarily pre-exist or be developed by the application designer alone, but can also be created on-demand by publishing an open call to the crowd that may in response provide multiple alternative solutions. The potential of the approach is illustrated based on two initial experiments.

Abstract: Web services provide systems with great flexibility and easier maintenance which result in better ways to communicate and distribute applications. There are good procedures in place for the design, development, and management of Web services; however, there are areas in which Web service adaptation is required. To preserve the loosely coupled approach of Web services, service adaptations should be implemented appropriately.Adaptive Web Services for Modular and Reusable Software Development: Tactics and Solutions includes current research on the area of Web service adaptation while embarking upon the different aspects related to Web services. This collection provides an overview of existing solutions for service adaption in different development scopes as well as covers a wide variety of challenges which emerge. It aims to keep industry professionals as well as academic researchers up to date with the latest research results.

Abstract: Web 2.0 and Beyond: Principles and Technologies draws on the authors iceberg model of Web 2.0, which places the social Web at the tip of the iceberg underpinned by a framework of technologies and ideas. The author incorporates research from a range of areas, including business, economics, information science, law, media studies, psychology, social informatics and sociology. This multidisciplinary perspective illustrates not only the wide implications of computing but also how other areas interpret what computer science is doing. After an introductory chapter, the book is divided into three sections. The first one discusses the underlying ideas and principles, including user-generated content, the architecture of participation, data on an epic scale, harnessing the power of the crowd, openness and the network effect and Web topology. The second section chronologically covers the main types of Web 2.0 servicesblogs, wikis, social networks, media sharing sites, social bookmarking and microblogging. Each chapter in this section looks at how the service is used, how it was developed and the technology involved, important research themes and findings from the literature. The final section presents the technologies and standards that underpin the operation of Web 2.0 and goes beyond this to explore such topics as the Semantic Web, cloud computing and Web Science. Suitable for nonexperts, students and computer scientists, this book provides an accessible and engaging explanation of Web 2.0 and its wider context yet is still grounded in the rigour of computer science. It takes readers through all aspects of Web 2.0, from the development of technologies to current services.

Abstract: There is no doubt that the web has evolved from a simple media consumption device to an extremely complex programming platform over the past couple of decades. With the exponential growth of Internet use, web applications are becoming increasingly popular: they are easy to distribute, simple to update, and widely accessible. However, a uniform programming method for developing web applications does not currently exist. Developers must be experts in and juggle a combination of different languages in order to create fully functional web applications. W3C's introduction of HTML5 attempts to alleviate this problem [8]. Their Web Storage specification offers a method for storing client-side data as an alternative to the use of cookies in web applications. In this paper, the Web Storage specification is analyzed through an in-depth discussion of the privacy, security, and performance of current and future web technologies. The advantages and disadvantages of the localStorage and sessionStorage attributes are discussed, with special consideration given to their impact on privacy and security. Analysis is done in the context of a custom web application, offering a suggested framework for applications utilizing HTML5 Web Storage.

Abstract: This paper explores evidence for the conjecture that improvements in Web accessibility have arisen, in part, as side effects of changes in Web technology and associated shifts in the way Web pages are designed and coded. Drawing on an earlier study of Web accessibility trends over the past 14 years, it discusses several possible indirect contributors to improving accessibility including the use of new browser capabilities to create more sophisticated page layouts, a growing concern with improved page rank in search results, and a shift toward cross-device content design. Understanding these examples may inspire the creation of additional technologies with incidental accessibility benefits.

Abstract: In the late 1990's, there was substantial activity within the \Web engineer- ing" research community and a multitude of new Web approaches were proposed. How- ever, numerous studies have revealed major gaps in these approaches, including cover- age and interoperability . In order to address these gaps, the Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) paradigm offers a new approach which has been demonstrated to achieve good re- sults within applied research environments. This paper presents an analysis of a selection of Web development methodologies that are using the MDE paradigm in their develop- ment process and assesses whether MDE can provide an effective solution to address the aforementioned problems. This paper presents a critical review of previous studies of classical Web methodologies and makes a case for the potential of the MDWE paradigm as a means of addressing long-standing problems of Web development, for both research and enterprise. A selection of the main MDWE development approaches are analyzed and compared in accordance with criteria derived from the literature. The paper con- cludes that this new trend opens an interesting new way to develop Web systems within practical projects and argues that some classical gaps can be improved with MDWE.

Abstract: In recent years, the development of sensing technology has led to the pervasive application of ubiquitous computing into people's life. In parallel with that trend, people relies more on context-aware service and device in many aspects, such as health care, elderly home care and so forth. However, traditional sensors are typically locked into unimodal closed systems, which hinders the access to such sensors that can be available in other information systems. Moreover, we believe that users are primarily interested in real-world entities (things, places, and people) and their high-level states (empty, free, sitting, walking etc.) rather than in individual sensors and their raw output data. In order to share physical information and enable the communication between both machines and human, we proposed a Social Web of Thing Framework based on the Restful Web Service and Social Network. In addition, we discussed the key technology and use case related to our framework. At last, we introduced the case study of MagicHome.

Abstract: Context: There are lots of approaches or methodologies in the Model-Driven Web Engineering (MDWE) context to develop Web Applications without reaching a consensus on the use of standards and scarcity of both, practical experience and tool support. Objective: Model-Driven Web Engineering (MDWE) methodologies are constantly evolving. Moreover, Quality is a very important factor to identify within a methodology as it defines processes, techniques and artifacts to develop Web Applications. For this reason, when analyzing a methodology, it is not only necessary to evaluate quality, but also to find out how to improve it. The main goal of this paper is to develop a set of Quality Characteristics and Sub-Characteristics for MDWE approaches based on ISO/IEC standards. Method: From the software products context, some widely standards proposed, such as ISO/IEC 9126 or ISO/IEC 25000, suggest a Quality Model for software products, although up to now, there are no standard methods to assess quality on MDWE methodologies. Such methodologies can be organized into Properties, thus, a methodology has artifacts, processes and techniques. Then, each item is evaluated through a set of appropriate Quality Characteristics, depending on its nature. This paper proposes to evaluate a methodology as a product itself. Results: This paper recommends a set of Quality Characteristics and Sub-Characteristics based on these standards in order to evaluate MDWE methodologies quality. Additionally, it defines an agile way to relate these Quality Sub-Characteristics to Properties with the sole purpose of not only analyzing, but also assessing and improving MDWE methodologies. Conclusions: The application of these Quality Characteristics and Sub-Characteristics could promote efficiency in methodologies since this kind of assessment enhances both the understanding of strengths and weaknesses of approaches.

Abstract: Highlights? We develop a context-aware web application. ? We present a new approach for developing context-aware web applications for mobile phones. ? Use context information in web applications to add new features that were not possible before. ? Use context information in web applications can improve usability. ? Include context information in web applications using a small group of specific XML tags. Over the years web browsers have gone from being used only on personal computers to a wide range of devices such as music players, video game consoles and mobile phones. Today people commonly use native applications and web applications on their mobile phones. There are many technical differences between native applications and web applications. One of these differences is that native applications can use the device hardware components that capture and manage context information, such as GPS, sensors, camera, etc. The differences between mobile phones require that in most cases it is necessary to develop a native application for each specific platform (iOS, Android, WebOS, Windows Phone, Symbian, etc), which is really expensive, so many developers and companies choose to develop web applications that can be used on any device with a web browser. The use of context information has proved very useful in many native applications, but web applications cannot use this type of information. This paper describes a proposal that allows web applications to access context information in a simple and fast. The proposed system consists of a modular web browser context aware and a set of specific XML tags that can be used on web applications.

Abstract: The widespread diffusion of Web-based services provided by public and private organizations emphasizes the need for a flexible solution for protecting the information accessible through Web applications. A promising approach is represented by credential-based access control and trust management. However, although much research has been done and several proposals exist, a clear obstacle to the realization of their benefits in data-intensive Web applications is represented by the lack of adequate support in the DBMSs. As a matter of fact, DBMSs are often responsible for the management of most of the information that is accessed using a Web browser or a Web service invocation.In this article, we aim at eliminating this gap, and present an approach integrating trust management with the access control of the DBMS. We propose a trust model with a SQL syntax and illustrate an algorithm for the efficient verification of a delegation path for certificates. Our solution nicely complements current trust management proposals allowing the efficient realization of the services of an advanced trust management model within current relational DBMSs. An important benefit of our approach lies in its potential for a robust end-to-end design of security for personal data in Web scenario, where vulnerabilities of Web applications cannot be used to violate the protection of the data residing on the database server. We also illustrate the implementation of our approach within an open-source DBMS discussing design choices and performance impact.

Abstract: The web application domain is one of the fastest growing and most wide-spread application domains today. By utilizing fast, modern web browsers and advanced scripting techniques, web developers are developing highly interactive applications that can, in terms of user-experience and responsiveness, compete with standard desktop applications. A web application is composed of two equally important parts: the server-side and the client-side. The client-side acts as a user-interface to the application, and can be viewed as a collection of behaviors. Similar behaviors are often used in a large number of applications, and facilitating their reuse offers considerable benefits. However, due to client-side specifics, such as multi-language implementation and extreme dynamicity, identifying and extracting code responsible for a certain behavior is difficult. In this paper we present a semi-automatic method for extracting client-side web application code implementing a certain behavior. We show how by analyzing the execution of a usage scenario, code responsible for a certain behavior can be identified, how dependencies between different parts of the application can be tracked, and how in the end only the code responsible for a certain behavior can be extracted. Our evaluation shows that the method is capable of extracting stand-alone behaviors, while achieving considerable savings in terms of code size and application performance.

Abstract: The Internet has become an integral part of human life, yet the web still utilizes mundane interfaces to the physical world, which makes Internet operations somewhat mechanical, tedious, and less human-oriented. Filling a large void in the literature, Intelligent Technologies for Web Applications is one of the first books to focus on providing vital fundamental and advanced guidance in the area of Web intelligence for beginners and researchers. Covers techniques from diverse areas of research, including: Natural language processing Information extraction, retrieval, and filtering Knowledge representation and management Machine learning Databases Data, web, and text mining Humancomputer interaction Semantic web technologies To develop effective and intelligent web applications and services, it is critical to discover useful knowledge through analyzing large amounts of content, hidden content structures, or usage patterns of web data resources. Intended to improve and reinforce problem-solving methods in this area, this book delves into the hybridization of artificial intelligence (AI) and web technologies to help simplify complex Web operations. It introduces readers to the state-of-the art development of web intelligence techniques and teaches how to apply these techniques to develop the next generation of intelligent Web applications. The book lays out presented projects, case studies, and innovative ideas, which readers can explore independently as standalone research projects. This material facilitates experimentation with the books content by including fundamental tools, research directions, practice questions, and additional reading.

Abstract: We present a component-based, conceptual architecture for Semantic Web applications. It describes the high-level functionality that substantially differentiates Resource Description Framework (RDF)-supported applications from database-driven applications. We provide a strong empirical grounding for this architecture through a survey of Semantic Web applications over most of the past decade. Our empirical approach allows us to describe the current state of the art for the development and deployment of applications on the Web of Data. In addition, we determine how far the adoption of signature research topics of the Semantic Web, such as, data reuse, data integration, and reasoning, has progressed. We, then, discuss the main implementation challenges that developers using Semantic technologies are facing, as observed in the survey. We build on this in order to suggest future approaches to facilitate the standardization of components and the development of software engineering tools to increase the uptake of the Web of Data.

Abstract: We introduce a UML-based notation for graphically modeling systems' security aspects in a simple and intuitive way and a model-driven process that transforms graphical specifications of access control policies in XACML. These XACML policies are then translated in FACPL, a policy language with a formal semantics, and the resulting policies are evaluated by means of a Java-based software tool.

Abstract: As library users access more services through the Web, the importance of providing usable and accessible websites and content has come to the forefront of library service concerns. While libraries do have some unique use cases, for the most part simply following established standards and best practices in usability, accessibility, and universal design will allow libraries to offer clear and consistent Web services and interfaces. This chapter touches on the most important aspects of Web usability and accessibility and offers a basic roadmap for both increasing awareness and accomplishing concrete Web usability goals and accessibility compliance. In chapter 4 of Library Technology Reports (vol. 48, no. 7) “Making Libraries Accessible: Adaptive Design and Assistive Technology” we will look at the basics of Web accessibility, learn how to create and upgrade static websites, and discuss accessibility best practices in modern content management systems such as Drupal or WordPress.

Abstract: The relevance of a detailed and precise specification of the requirements is well known; it helps to achieve an agreement with the customer on software functionality, user friendliness and priorities in the development process. However, in practice, modeling of requirements is avoided in many projects, in particular in the Web domain, mainly due to short time-to-market. The objective of this work is to make requirements modeling more attractive providing a win-win situation. On the one hand such models are used to improve the developer-customer communication and on the other hand to generate draft design models, which can be used in further steps of a model-driven development approach, and therefore reduce the developers' efforts. We concretize the approach presenting a domain specific modeling language defined as an extension of the UML-based Web Engineering (UWE) profile and a set of model transformations defined to generate the content, navigation and presentation models of web applications. A social network application is used to illustrate UWE requirements and design models.

Abstract: The emergence of Web services in the information space, as well as the advanced technology of SOA, give tremendous opportunities for users in an ambient space or distant, empowerment and organizations in various fields application, such as geolocation, E-learning, healthcare, digital government, etc.. In fact, Web services are a solution for the integration of distributed information systems, autonomous, heterogeneous and self-adaptable to the context. However, as Web services can evolve in a dynamic environment in a well-defined context and according to events automatically, such as time, temperature, location, authentication, etc.. We are interested in improving their SOA to empower the Web services to be self adaptive contexts. In this paper, we propose a new trend of self adaptability of Web services context. Then applying these requirements in the architecture of the platform of adaptability to context WComp, by integrating the workflow. Our work is illustrated by a case study of authentication.

Abstract: The Web initially emerged as an “antidote” to accumulated scientific knowledge, since it enables global representation and communication at a minimum cost. Its gigantic scale and interdependence allow us our ability to find relevant information and develop trustworthy contexts. It is time for science to compensate by providing an epistemological “antidote” to Web issues. Philosophy should be in the front line by forming the salient questions and analysis. We need a theory about Web being that will bridge philosophical thinking and engineering. This article analyzes existence and spatiotemporality in the Web and how it transforms the traditional actualities. The resulting issues concern the self-determination of a being and the way in which the Web could be a free and open platform for innovation and participation.