Abstract: Many of the Web applications around us are data-intensive; their main purpose is to present a large amount of data to their users Most online trading and e-commerce sites fall into this category, as do digital libraries and institutional sites describing private and public organizations Several commercial Web development systems aid rapid creation of data-intensive applications by supporting semiautomatic data resource publishing Automatic publishing is typically subject to the constraints of database schemas, which limit an application designer's choices Thus, Web application development often requires adaptation through programming, and programs end up intricately mixing data, navigation, and presentation semantics Presentation is often a facade for elements of structure, composition, and navigation Despite this frequently unstructured development process, data-intensive applications, based on large data sets organized within a repository or database, generally follow some typical patterns and rules We describe these patterns and rules using WebML as a conceptual tool to make such notions explicit WebML is a conceptual Web modeling language that uses the entity-relationship (ER) model for describing data structures and an original, high-level notation for representing Web content composition and navigation in hypertext form

Abstract: Purpose: To examine methodological issues associated with using the Internet and World Wide Web for scientific research, namely, issues related to the nature of the sample, the testing environment and environmental factors, privacy, and confidentiality, and response rates. Methods: Reviews of literature and personal observation and experience. Findings: Web-based research provides many advantages such as access to specific, sometimes difficult-to-find populations, speed of data access, and decreased costs for data collection and data entry. Such benefits are likely to increase as more nurse scientists use the Web for research purposes. Conclusions: Nurse researchers who use this technology must consider the methodological problems associated with Web-based methods. The research potential exists, but the methodological issues discussed in this paper are real and, if not addressed, they can seriously affect the validity of study findings.

Abstract: A method for rapid design, development, deployment and support of web applications based on web services with minimum customized programming, maximized reuse of software components and compliance with standard development frameworks. The method of the invention systematically addresses the problems that are consistently encountered by web application developers by providing a generic platform that solves these problems. The invention enables developers to deliver web functionality without requiring them to understand the many technicalities of developing functionality for a distributed internet based architecture, and uses best practices to produce encapsulated, tested, quality oriented, applications based on web services.

Abstract: E-business is shifting attention from component based to web service based applications. Most enterprises spend most of their time assembling applications by consuming web services rather than worrying about the design principles underlying them, their granularity or the development of components that implement them. In this paper we present a design methodology for web services and business processes. We discuss how business process should be described so that services can be properly identified and provide strategies and principles regarding functional and non-functional aspects of web service design.

Abstract: A relevant consequence of the expansion of the web and e-commerce is the growth of the demand of new web sites and web applications As a result, web sites and applications are usually developed without a formalized process, and web pages are directly coded in an incremental way, where new pages are obtained by duplicating existing ones Duplicated web pages, having the same structure and just differing for the data they include, can be considered as clones The identification of clones may reduce the effort devoted to test, maintain and evolve web sites and applications Moreover, clone detection among different web sites aims to detect cases of possible plagiarism In this paper we propose an approach based on similarity metrics, to detect duplicated pages in web sites and applications, implemented with HTML language and ASP technology The proposed approach has been assessed by analyzing several web sites and Web applications The obtained results are reported in the paper with respect to some case studies

Abstract: Web applications are the legacy software of the future. Developed under tight schedules, with high employee turn over, and in a rapidly evolving environment, these systems are often poorly structured and poorly documented. Maintaining such systems is problematic.This paper presents an approach to recover the architecture of such systems, in order to make maintenance more manageable. Our lightweight approach is flexible and retargetable to the various technologies that are used in developing web applications. The approach extracts the structure of dynamic web applications and shows the interaction between their various components such as databases, distributed objects, and web pages. The recovery process uses a set of specialized extractors to analyze the source code and binaries of web applications. The extracted data is manipulated to reduce the complexity of the architectural diagrams. Developers can use the extracted architecture to gain a better understanding of web applications and to assist in their maintenance.

Abstract: The development of Web sites and applications is increasing dramatically to satisfy the market requests. The software industry is facing the new demand under the pressure of a very short time-to-market and an extremely high competition. As a result, Web sites and applications are usually developed without a disciplined process: Web applications are directly coded and no, or poor, documentation is produced to support the subsequent maintenance and evolution activities, thus compromising the quality of the applications. This paper presents a tool for reverse engineering Web applications. UML diagrams are used to model a set of views that depict several aspects of a Web application at different abstraction levels. The recovered diagrams ease the comprehension of the application and support its maintenance and evolution. A case study, carried out with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of the proposed tool, allowed relevant information about some real Web applications to be successfully recovered and modeled by UML diagrams.

Abstract: Developing Web Information Systems brings together traditional system development methods that have been taught for many years on information systems and computer science courses with web/e-commerce development. It is the first book to bring together IS development and the web applications in a thorough and systematic way. There is a running case study that illustrates web IS development from start to finish. The case is easy to understand (a theatre) and results in a working web application. Most, if not all, analysis and design texts fall short of making that step into software. The book draws heavily on practical experiences of web-based IS development resulting from commercial system development, so as well as appealing to students and academics, it will also interest practitioners. The coverage of data management and e-business strategy gives the book the broader scope essential for understanding IS development properly in an Internet context.

Abstract: From the Publisher: Learn how to determine whether a Web site is offering a competitive advantage Despite the fact that numerous online ventures have recently fallen by the wayside, companies still realize that the Web plays an integral role in conducting business. They recognize the importance of measuring and analyzing the information gathered from their sites so they can find new ways to balance online and offline efforts. In this innovative book, leading Internet marketing expert Jim Sterne uncovers the latest tools and techniques that will help you determine if and how your Web site is adding value to your company. He clearly shows you how to use the range of available metrics to improve your Web marketing strategies. Incorporating his vast experience with clients such as Eastman Kodak, Ericsson, Sears Roebuck, and IBM, Sterne exposes the key issues facing corporate sites today. He then explains the role of Web metrics, detailing the criteria to follow in order to build a successful site and gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Web Metrics provides you with everything you’ll need to know to measure your online business strategy, including: Types of Web metrics tools, services, techniques, and standards for Web measurement Ways to fully integrate Web metrics with the customer experience Details on how to use metrics to meet specific business goals The companion Web site includes links to online tools, resources, and white papers. Author Biography: Jim Sterne is a leading expert on Internet marketing, specializing in creating strategies for business. As an author, a consultant to Fortune 500 companies and Internet entrepreneurs,and a public speaker, he focuses on the changing landscape of the World Wide Web as a medium for creating and strengthening customer relationships. With a special emphasis on Web metrics, his company, Target Marketing is dedicated to helping companies understand the possibilities and manage the realities of conducting business online.

Abstract: The number and complexity of Web applications are increasing dramatically to satisfy market needs, and the need of effective approaches for comprehending them is growing accordingly. Recently, reverse engineering methods and tools have been proposed to support the comprehension of a Web application; the information recovered by these tools is usually rendered in graphical representations. However, the graphical representations become progressively less useful with large-scale applications, and do not support adequately the comprehension of the application. To overcome this limitation, we propose an approach based on a clustering method for decomposing a Web application (WA) into groups of functionally related components. The approach is based on the definition of a coupling measure between interconnected components of the WA that takes into account both the typology and topology of the connections. The coupling measure is exploited by a clustering algorithm that produces a hierarchy of clustering. This hierarchy allows a structured approach for comprehension of the Web application to be carried out. The approach has been experimented with medium sized Web applications and produced interesting and encouraging results.

Abstract: The World Wide Web has long outgrown its novelty to become a necessity in academics. Internet access has enabled numerous activities-registration, research, and distance learning, to name a few-to reach more people than ever. Federal laws require state schools to provide accessible web sites for persons with disabilities-yet many fail to, perhaps due to webmasters' ignorance and misconceptions that enabling access is expensive and time-consuming. Public schools violate this obligation when they only respond on an ad-hoc basis to requests for accommodation; therefore, it is vital for webmasters to learn how to provide equal access. Whether a site is in its initial planning or is fully developed, there are common concerns to address: specifically, why do sites need to be accessible and to what degree? What is the process for creating or modifying pages to ensure accessibility? Can a web site use advanced technologies and still be accessible? How can accessibility be verified? What resources are available to assist in this process? Although comprehensive understanding of accessibility can be an undertaking, a significant amount of knowledge can be obtained through a broad introduction.

Abstract: In the last few years our knowledge about how to develop large complex web systems have grown rapidly. In this paper we attempt to arrange this knowledge into a schema based on how our knowledge gets matured as we get more experience in developing large complex web systems. Based on this we propose a systematic approach to developing large complex web systems. We call this body of knowledge consisting of technologies, methodologies and standards that enable us to successfully develop large complex web systems Web Engineering.

Abstract: Students are increasingly using the World Wide Web (Web) as a science resource, especially to gather information on a variety of topics. The abundance of information on the Web makes it an especially tantalizing source of information, but not one without considerable risks due to its size and the inability of most Web search engines to organize and prioritize their search results. The purpose of this study was to examine searching patterns of students using the Web as a science information resource. We present cases of both successful and unsuccessful student experiences. Previous research demonstrates that domain knowledge and search expertise are particularly important in terms of students finding information on the Web. In light of these findings, we attempted to (a) provide detailed accounts of how students use the Web as a science resource, (b) illuminate how the different levels of domain knowledge, search expertise, and situational interest impact students' ability to find useful and relevant information on the Web, and (c) draw inferences about the types of tools and scaffolding needed by students when using the Web as a science resource. Detailed case descriptions of students' experiences facilitate discussion of how educators may integrate this popular information source more efficiently and effectively in their classrooms.

Abstract: The composition of Web services has gained a considerable momentum as a paradigm for enabling Business-to-Business (B2B) Collaborations. Numerous technologies supporting this new paradigm are rapidly emerging, thereby creating a need for methodologies that bring these technologies together. The identification and documentation of relevant patterns, both at the analysis and design levels, is an important step in this direction.

Abstract: Although it is generally believed that information quality problems are not uncommon on the World Wide Web, little is known about the conditions in which users find these problems and the strategies they employ for dealing with them. Furthermore, very little theory is available to guide research on user detection of information quality problems on the Internet. This study involves an analysis of questionnaires in which over 300 users were asked about incidents in which they found various kinds of information quality problems while performing tasks using the World Wide Web. The objective of the research is the development of a theoretical model of factors affecting user detection of information quality problems on the World Wide Web. Preliminary results based on 132 questionnaires are discussed in this paper.

Abstract: The Internet is changing the way businesses operate today. Firms are using the Web for procurement, to find trading partners, and to link existing applications to other applications. Web services are rapidly becoming the enabling technology of today’s e‐business, and e‐commerce systems. We are having a massive impact on the way businesses think about designing, developing, and deploying Web‐based applications. Web services may be an evolutionary step in designing distributed applications, however, they are not without problems. There are issues relating to security, transactions and scalability that need to be addressed. This paper addresses security concerns in Web services and the role of technology trust.

Abstract: While the Web consolidates as the ubiquitous application delivery platform, the features of Web applications evolve to cover new requirements, like the capability of managing complex workflows spanning multiple users and organizations. This scenario challenges the Web engineering methods to address a broader class of applications. This paper introduces workflow-driven hypertexts, defined as Web-enabled hypertextual applications serving the workflow of multiple users, and proposes a design method integrating data, hypertext, and workflow modeling concepts for modeling lightweight Webenabled workflows; this approach extends the benefits of high-level conceptual modeling and automatic code generation to a much broader class of Web applications.

Abstract: Web services are important to business-to-business and business-to-consumer application deployment and are poised to be a critical aspect of the Web architecture of a business. Their reliable operation is required for the smooth and profitable operation of the business, mandating that Web services be well managed. This management includes controlling the life cycle of the service and collecting information about existence, availability, and health. All these activities can be accomplished in a manner specific to no particular vendor so that a number of management applications, such as those from Tivoli, can manage Web services in the context of the business applications of which they are components, as well as in relation to the other resources in the enterprise.

Abstract: There are two major ongoing efforts to advance the World Wide Web. On one side there is the Semantic Web research, on the other side is the Web Service research. Both activities aim to make content on the web accessible and usable not only for humans but also for machines in order to create a foundation for intelligent automated services and business processes. These two efforts are highly complementary, and there is work in progress towards a unification of them. This paper contributes to this process of unification by presenting a method of connecting Web Services descriptions with Semantic Web ontologies.

Abstract: The impact of World Wide Web on education has gone beyond the text and multimedia based instruction in course offering through the Web. Today, a number of universities, national laboratories and companies are using Web/Internet-enabled applications that can be fully controlled and monitored from remote locations. Continuous advances in computers and electronics coupled with falling prices in these industries have made Web/Internet -based technologies less costly than before, particularly for educational organizations. Thus, it is more affordable to invest in these technologies that are essential for both expanding education over Web and further improving and advancing such technologies. The LabVIEW software from National Instruments company has significantly helped researchers and educators to integrate Internet/Web with experimental setups in various methods. Some of these methods have been also improved and further advanced by other companies to greatly facilitate the implementation of Web/Internet-enabled technologies. This paper presents a survey of Web/Internet-enabled technologies to build experimental setups that can fully be operated, controlled and monitored remotely. Both advantages and disadvantages of each of these technologies are discussed and evaluated.

Abstract: Current practice in Web application development is based on the skills of the individual programmers and often does not apply the principles of software engineering. The increasing economic relevance and internal complexity of the new generation of Web applications require that proper quality standards are reached and that development is kept under control. It is therefore likely that the formalization of the process followed while developing these applications will be one of the major research topics. In this paper we focus on Web application testing, a crucial phase when quality and reliability are a goal. Testing is considered in the wider context of the whole development process, for which an incremental/iterative model is devised. The processes behind the testing activities are analyzed considering the specificity of Web applications, for which the availability of a reference model is shown to be particularly important. The approach proposed in this paper covers the integration testing phase, which can take advantage of some features of Web applications (e.g., the http protocol employed), thus resulting in a higher level of automation with respect to traditional software. The testing processes described in this paper are supported by the prototype research tool TestWeb. This tool exploits a reverse engineered UML (Unified Modeling Language) model of the Web application to generate and execute test cases, in order to satisfy the testing criteria selected by the user. The usage of this tool will be presented with reference to a real-world case study.

Abstract: Since the advent of the World-Wide Web, academic researchers have constructed Web pages to present a view of themselves, their work, their associations and their interests. This novel form of self-presentation has drawn a lot of attention over the past few years, prompting not only psychologists, but also social analysts, educators and software developers, to reflect on the ways in which technology pervades our self-presentations. Personal home pages are not, however; the only way in which scientists present themselves through technology construction and use - nor even the primary way. In this paper; we examine the technologies that oceanographers use to manage professional identity within their socio-technical networks.

Abstract: From the Book: The Web has been growing and evolving at a phenomenal rate since its emergence in the early 1990s. Part of this evolution has been the development of increasingly sophisticated technologies and their utilization in developing complex applications. While the technical foundations have remained relatively unchanged (URLs and HTTP have remained stable for some time, and only HTML has changed frequently), the emergence of XML as a new format for the representation of content, along with a sequence of related developments like XLink, has heralded a substantial change in the way content can be managed. The most significant of these changes is with respect to the hypermedia functionality that is enabled by these new technologies, particularly the richer linking and navigation models. The title of this book includes the word transclusion—from Ted Nelson's work on the Xanadu system 1995—which describes an approach to including content via references that retain the original context. "Transclusion" and "transcopyright" are two of the basic features of the Xanadu system, and the Web will definitely become more Xanadu-like in the coming years. Furthermore, the Web's new hypermedia functionality will make its structure more complex, but also richer, more usable, and more informative. We believe that this book will provide an effective guide to this development in the coming years. Purpose of the Book Our purpose in writing this book has been to explore and illustrate the possible hypermedia functionality introduced into the Web's architecture by XML and the accompanying XLink and XPointer standards. Today's focus in theuse of XML is its application-specific data-structuring capabilities. However, we believe that by effective use of XLink and XPointer in conjunction with XML, we can create hypermedia-rich applications, which will be more usable and effective than those created using the current content-based HTML hypermedia model. The book describes the new hypermedia features of the Xlink- and XPointer-enabled Web from both a conceptual point of view and a practical perspective. A conceptual view allows us to understand the types of advanced changes enabled by these technologies, and the implications of these changes for creating effective, maintainable, and usable applications. A practical perspective allows us to understand how these technologies are actually applied by developers, as well as to examine issues related to current tools, environments, and standardization processes. The Book's Audience We believe that XML, Xlink, and Xpointer and, in particular, the new hypermedia functionality enabled by these technologies will fundamentally change the Web. This book focuses on understanding and leveraging these changes and should therefore be interesting and useful for many people: Web authors, developers, and project managers. So far, this group has been limited by HTML's primitive linking mechanism and, for many applications, an understanding of this new hypermedia functionality will be beneficial. It will enable them to produce more sophisticated applications, both in terms of the way the content that underpins their site is managed and in terms of the functionality that can be created in the application front-end. This book provides an overview of the technology and presents concrete implementation strategies. To assist Web authors, developers, and project managers in being backwards-compatible, the book also provides transition strategies. Web users. In many cases, Web users are very interested in what the future of Web technology can bring them. In particular, updated features are often the main motivation for upgrading to a newer version of a browser or other software, so Web users should be well informed about the improvements available with the most recent software. Students. In courses as diverse as information studies, software engineering, information systems, and library studies, students will benefit from understanding how the Web is likely to evolve in the future—particularly with respect to the way information is represented, managed, accessed, and used. The Book's Content In this preface we discuss the changes in the Web and the role that emerging standards can play in developing a richer and more usable Web. In the induction, we elaborate on this idea by exploring the emerging standards and, in particular, consider what we mean by information linking and the role it plays within the Web. Essentially, the introduction provides a context for the broad focus of the book. The rest of the book is divided into three main parts. Part I focuses on a conceptual framework. It explores the Web we might wish to develop and the emerging linking technologies that may go some way toward providing it. We start in chapter 1 with a consideration of current technology. We focus on the limitations inherent in this technology, particularly with respect to linking and the implications for information handling, navigation, and retrieval. Chapter 2 provides information about the motivation for the types of changes we are promoting. We start by exploring linking issues in much more detail, looking at hypermedia concepts and some of the historical hypermedia developments, which provides useful insights into how information might be better managed. We also provide relevant definitions that clarify much of the terminology used in the rest of the book. This chapter concludes with a typical scenario that illustrates the types of Web changes that might be desirable currently. Chapter 3 begins the process of considering the new and the emerging technologies that enable the vision we have been establishing. Rather than describing the technologies from a syntactic level (where their applicability may be difficult to put into the context of the previous chapter's discussions), we first consider standards (e.g., XPath, XPointer, and XLink) from a conceptual viewpoint, looking at the types of support the technologies provide for sophisticated linking and content management. This discussion is supported by XML fragments examples as a way of gently introducing these concepts through a process of illustration. Then, Part II of the book gets down to the specific details of the new technologies and considers the emerging core standards in some detail. Chapter 5 begins by considering a range of foundation technologies, which provide a supporting infrastructure, if not the core technologies. For example, we look at XML, XML Namespaces, XML Base, XInclude, XML Infoset, XHTML, XSL, XSLT, XSL-FO, and RDF. Readers with a background in the newer Web technologies may wish to skip this chapter and continue directly with the discussion in the following chapters; however, readers familiar only with the more "traditional" Web technologies, such as HTML and http, should first read this chapter. In chapters 5, 6, and 7, we look in detail at three of the key technologies that enable our vision: XPath, XPointer, and XLink. In each case, rather than simply presenting the standard, we explain the concepts, and wherever appropriate, the strengths, limitations, and ambiguities of the standard. As such, it is important that these chapters be read in conjunction with the relevant standards. This, in turn, raises an important point: The XPointer and XLink standards have been evolving continually during the writing of this book and are likely to continue to evolve. This means that you will need to be careful in interpreting some of the comments here. In particular, at the time of this writing, the current status and version of the most relevant standards are as follows: XML Path Language (XPath): W3C Recommendation Clark and DeRose, 1999 XML Pointer Language (XPointer): W3C Candidate Recommendation DeRose et al., 2001b XML Linking Language (XLink): W3C Recommendation DeRose et al., 2001a This means that the standards as they are today are not going to change, but since adoption has been slow so far, actual implementations may differ from these standards, and the standards may have to be reworked. (This is not the way standards are supposed to work, but it may happen. For example, HTML standards for some time more or less simply tracked what the two major browser providers had already implemented.) Currently, there is no sign that this going to happen, but readers should regularly check W3C's Web site at http://www.w3.org—specifically, the technical reports page at http://www.w3.org/TR/—for the latest versions of the standards. We will also track standard development on the book's Web site (http://transcluding.com). Finally, in Part III we look at how these technologies can be applied in order to move toward the vision we established in Part I. These discussions are in the context of current practical limitations imposed by available infrastructure, environments, and tools (or lack of tools). In chapter 8, we investigate the authoring of applications to take advantage of XLink and XPointer. Specifically, we look at some general issues affecting how we author and use XLink, then investigate the tools, applications, and environments that are beginning to emerge. In chapter 9, we then consider some of the issues that need to be addressed in migrating from a conventional model of Web content to a model that uses the more sophisticated techniques discussed so far in the book. In the last chapter, Chapter 10, everything is drawn together, and we make some final comments, particularly with regard to our own perspectives on the future of XLink and XPointer.

Abstract: Response time is a key differentiation among electronic commerce (e-commerce) applications. For many e-commerce applications, Web pages are created dynamically based on the current state of a business stored in database systems. Recently, the topic of Web acceleration for database-driven Web applications has drawn a lot of attention in both the research community and commercial arena. In this paper, we analyze the factors that have impacts on the performance and scalability of Web applications. We discuss system architecture issues and describe approaches to deploying caching solutions for accelerating Web applications. We give the performance matrix measurement for network latency and various system architectures. The paper is summarized with a road map for creating high performance Web applications.

Abstract: A challenging task for information systems management is to provide users with more flexible training methodologies to meet their needs, and one way to meet this challenge is to adopt Web-based training. in showing how Web technology can facilitate end-user learning, this article discusses how users can benefit from Web-based training, some issues to consider when developing Web-based training, and different stages of Web-based training.

Abstract: The problem and the solution. The introduction of Internet and Web-based technologies has resulted in changes in the way instructional design models are applied in the creation of instruction delivered via the new media. New resources and constraints must be considered and new questions must be asked and answered.This chapter describes how the traditional instructional design model is modified when designing instruction for these new technologies.

Abstract: The Web is the most pervasive collaborative technology in widespread use today; however, access to the Web and its many applications cannot be taken for granted. Web accessibility encompasses a variety of concerns ranging from societal, political, and economic to individual, physical, and intellectual through to the purely technical. Thus, there are many perspectives from which Web accessibility can be understood and evaluated. In order to discuss these concerns and to gain a better understanding of Web accessibility, an accessibility framework is proposed, using as its base a layered evaluation framework from computer supported co-operative work research and the ISO standard ISO/IEC 9126 on software quality. The former is employed in recognition of the collaborative nature of the Web and its importance in facilitating communication. The latter is employed to refine and extend the technical issues and to highlight the need for considering accessibility from the viewpoint of the Web developer and maintainer as well as the Web user. A technically inaccessible Web is unlikely to be evolved over time. A final goal of the accessibility framework is to provide Web developers and maintainers with a practical basis for considering Web accessibility through the development of a set of accessibility factors associated with each identified layer.

Abstract: This article examines the ways in which social work educators who are interested in Web technology but not expert in its applications can use the World Wide Web. Current opportunities and challenges in integrating technology into social work education are discussed, and future directions in the use of technology are explored.

Abstract: This paper considers different ways to enhance access to the World Wide Web for persons with sensory, cognitive, or motor limitations. Paradoxically, while complex Web architectures may seem to have inhibited accessibility, they have broadened the range of points where we can try to improve it. This paper identifies these points and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of each. In particular, it describes a project to develop a strategy to enhance access that can be distributed across multiple control points and implemented as an aggregation of Web services.