Abstract: A new scheme for plasma electron injection into an acceleration phase of a plasma wake field is presented. In this scheme, a single, short electron pulse travels through an underdense plasma with a sharp, localized, downward density transition. Near this transition, a number of background plasma electrons are trapped in the plasma wake field, due to the rapid wavelength increase of the induced wake wave in this region. The viability of this scheme is verified using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. To investigate the trapping and acceleration mechanisms further, a 1D Hamiltonian analysis, as well as 1D simulations, has been performed, with the results presented and compared.

Abstract: This work is an experimental study of the rise of an air bubble in still water. For the bubble diameter considered, path oscillations develop in the absence of shape oscillations and the effect of surfactants is shown to be negligible. Both the three-dimensional motion of the bubble and the velocity induced in the liquid are investigated. After the initial acceleration stage, the bubble shape remains constant and similar to an oblate ellipsoid with its symmetry axis parallel to the bubble-centre velocity, and with constant velocity magnitude. The bubble motion combines path oscillations with slow trajectory displacements. (These displacements, which consist of horizontal drift and rotation about a vertical axis, are shown to have no influence on the oscillations). The bubble dynamics involve two unstable modes which have the same frequency and are π/2 out of phase. The primary mode develops first, leading to a plane zigzag trajectory. The secondary mode then grows, causing the trajectory to progressively change into a circular helix. Liquid-velocity measurements are taken up to 150 radii behind the bubble. The nature of the liquid flow field is analysed from systematic comparisons with potential theory and direct numerical simulations. The flow is potential in front of the bubble and a long wake develops behind. The wake structure is controlled by two mechanisms: the development of a quasi-steady wake that spreads around the non-rectilinear bubble trajectory; and the wake instability that generates unsteady vortices at the bubble rear. The velocities induced by the wake vortices are small compared to the bubble velocity and, except in the near wake, the flow is controlled by the quasi-steady wake.

Abstract: Numerical investigations have been performed for the flow past square-section cylinders with a spanwise geometric deformation leading to a stagnation face with a sinusoidal waviness. The computations were performed using a spectral/hp element solver over a range of Reynolds numbers from 10 to 150.Starting from fully developed shedding past a straight cylinder at a Reynolds number of 100, a sufficiently high waviness is impulsively introduced resulting in the stabilization of the near wake to a time-independent state. It is shown that the spanwise waviness sets up a cross-flow within the growing boundary layer on the leading-edge surface thereby generating streamwise and vertical components of vorticity. These additional components of vorticity appear in regions close to the inflection points of the wavy stagnation face where the spanwise vorticity is weakened. This redistribution of vorticity leads to the breakdown of the unsteady and staggered Karman vortex wake into a steady and symmetric near-wake structure. The steady nature of the near wake is associated with a reduction in total drag of about 16% at a Reynolds number of 100 compared with the straight, non-wavy cylinder.Further increases in the amplitude of the waviness lead to the emergence of hairpin vortices from the near-wake region. This wake topology has similarities to the wake of a sphere at low Reynolds numbers. The physical structure of the wake due to the variation of the amplitude of the waviness is identified with five distinct regimes. Furthermore, the introduction of a waviness at a wavelength close to the mode A wavelength and the primary wavelength of the straight square-section cylinder leads to the suppression of the Karman street at a minimal waviness amplitude.

Abstract: Habitat structures are built in rivers to provide feeding and resting areas for fish. At the present time, only rough guidelines are available for the design of these structures. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study on the flow and erosion around simple habitat structures. Hemispheres with diameter D of 74 and 130 mm were placed on smooth, rough as well as erodible beds and Froude number of the approaching flow was in the range of 0.074 to 0.6. The relative depth d/h where d is the depth of and h is the height of the body was found to be the important parameter and was varied from about 0.6 to 4.3. Four different regimes of flow were found, which were classified based on the relative depth. Downstream of the body, there was a recirculation region (closed wake) with a length of about 2D which was followed by an open turbulent wake. The structure of flow in this open wake was analyzed in two layers using the concept of the wall wake. In the plane of symmetry, the inner layer was analyzed us...

Abstract: This paper describes the results of experimental work to determine the structure of the slipstream and wake of a high speed train. The experiments were carried out using a 1/25th scale model of a four-coach train on a moving model rig (MMR). Flow velocities were measured using a rake of single hot films positioned close to the model side or roof. Tests were carried out at different model speeds, with and without the simulation of a crosswind. Velocity time histories for each configuration were obtained from ensemble averages of the results of a number of runs. A small number of particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) experiments were also carried out, and a wavelet analysis revealed details of the unsteady flow structure around the vehicle. It was shown that the flowfield around the vehicle could be divided into a number of different regions of distinct flow characteristics: an upstream region, a nose region, a boundary layer region, a near wake region and a far wake region. If the results were suitabl...

Abstract: This paper presents results from the first fully three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of initially turbulent wakes with net momentum in unstratified and density stratified fluids. The initial conditions contain a super-position of an initially axisymmetric mean streamwise velocity profile plus a spectrally specified fluctuation velocity field with initially incoherent phases to model initial turbulence. To provide evidence in favor of their validity, we compare results from these simulations with previous measurements behind towed bodies in wind tunnels and towing tanks, and also compare with theories of turbulent wakes. Comparisons with laboratory flow experiments provide agreement, both with statistical quantities and vortex structures and evolution. We subsequently investigate open questions by analysis of the fully three-dimensional flow. Coherent vortices in stratified wakes have their origins in the vortex geometry of the mean wake flow, and do not require stratification or coherent seedin...

Abstract: : Results from towing tank experiments regarding resistance, sinkage and trim, far field wave elevation, boundary layer and wake of the INSEAN 2340 model are presented. The resistance and sinkage and trim tests are for Froude numbers between Fr = 0.05 and Fr = 0.41 and free model conditions. Wave profiles and far field wave elevations have been carried out at two Froude numbers namely Fr = 0.28 and Fr = 0.41. Mean velocity field and total head in the boundary layer and wake have been measured by 5-hole Pitot probe at Fr = 0.28. The test design, measurement system and the uncertainty assessment have been described both for wave elevation and velocity fields. The uncertainty assessment methodology follows the AIAA Standard S-071-1995. The data contributes to the surface-ship resistance and propulsion model-scale database for computational fluid dynamics validation, as part of an international collaborative project between INSEAN, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research (IIHR) and David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB) on experimental and computational fluid dynamics and uncertainty assessment for a combatant geometry [1].

Abstract: Two-dimensional flow past a cylinder close to a free surface at a Reynolds number of 180 is numerically investigated. The wake behaviour for Froude numbers between 0.0 and 0.7 and for gap ratios between 0.1 and 5.0 is examined. For low Froude numbers, where the surface deformation is minimal, the simulations reveal that this problem shares many features in common with flow past a cylinder close to a no-slip wall. This suggests that the flow is largely governed by geometrical constraints in the low-Froude-number limit. At Froude numbers in excess of 0.3–0.4, surface deformation becomes substantial. This can be traced to increases in the local Froude number to unity or higher in the gap between the cylinder and the surface. In turn, this is associated with supercritical to subcritical transitions in the near wake resulting in localized free-surface sharpening and wave breaking. Since surface vorticity is directly related to surface curvature, such high surface deformation results in significant surface vorticity, which can diffuse and then convect into the main flow, altering the development of Strouhal vortices from the top shear layer, affecting wake skewness and suppressing the absolute instability. The variations of parameters such as Strouhal number and formation length are provided for Froude numbers spanning the critical range. At larger Froude numbers, good agreement is obtained with recently published experimental investigations. The previously seen metastable wake states are observed to occur for similar system parameters to the experiments despite the difference in Reynolds numbers by a factor of about 40. The wake state switching appears to be controlled by a feedback loop. Important elements of the feedback loop include the cyclic generation and suppression of the absolute instability of the wake, and the role of surface vorticity and vortices formed from the bottom shear layer in controlling vortex formation from the top shear layer. The proposed mechanism is presented. Shedding ceases at very small gap ratios (${\sim}\, 0.1$–0.2). This behaviour can be explained in terms of the fluid flux through the gap, vorticity diffusion into the surface and opposite-signed surface vorticity from the strong surface deformation.

Abstract: In this paper, a comprehensive description of a finite-volume method for the simulation of time-dependent viscoelastic flows is given. It is applied to simulate the flow of a particular type of elastic fluid, having constant viscosity, but shear-thinning relaxation time, as it passes around a circular cylinder, forming and shedding vortices along its wake. Careful attention is given to the accuracy of the method, which is second-order in both the spatial and the temporal discretisation. Frequency of vortex shedding is shown to be attenuated by elasticity of the fluid, while the size of the formation zone behind the cylinder is elongated. These results are in agreement with recent experimental observations, as are further results showing a reduction in the root mean square (rms) fluctuating velocities compared with Newtonian flow. Consideration is also given to the effects of Reynolds number, extensibility parameter in the constitutive model, and Deborah number. In all cases, an increase on those two latter parameters leads to a delay, or a strong hindrance, of shedding formation. The mean drag coefficient decays with the Reynolds number, but it is smaller for the viscoelastic fluid.

Abstract: A major objective of the ENDOW project is to evaluate the performance of wake models in offshore windfarm environments in order to ascertain the improvements required to enhance the prediction of power output within large offshore wind farms [1]. The strategy for achieving this is to compare the performance of the models in a wide range of conditions which are expected to be encountered during turbine operation offshore. Six models of varying complexity have been evaluated initially against the Vindeby single wake data in [2] where it was found that almost all of them overestimate the wake effects and also significant inconsistencies between the model predictions appeared in the near wake and turbulence intensity results. Based on the conclusions of that study, the ENDOW wake modeling groups have already implemented a number of modifications to their original models. In the present paper, new single wake results are presented against experimental data at Vindeby and Bockstigen wind farms. Clearly, some of...

Abstract: The Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship for the two-dimensional (2-D) vortex shedding of a circular cylinder at low to medium Reynolds numbers (Re, ranging from 45 to 560) is investigated experimentally. Both horizontal and vertical soap film tunnels are used to set up a truly 2-D experiment. It is found that two separate 3-D instabilities of the natural wake at Re≅180 and 260 disappear. The Strouhal–Reynolds number curve is in good agreement with the 2-D computations of Barkley and Henderson [J. Fluid Mech. 322, 215 (1996)]. The 2-D asymptote of 0.2417 of Strouhal number is also approached.

Abstract: The log-law and wake-law of velocity profile of open channel flow of sediment suspensions are discussed and compared in the paper Data from 9 literatures are employed for comparison of the two law

Abstract: Multi-blade row interactions in an advanced design 1&1/2 stage axial-flow compressor are experimentally investigated at both subsonic and transonic rotor operating conditions using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Transonic rotor operation had a significant impact on the downstream stator unsteady flow field due to phenomena associated with the intra-stator transport of the chopped rotor wake segments. In the stator reference frame, the rotor wakes have a slip velocity relative to the mean flow that causes the low momentum wake fluid to migrate across the vane passage and accumulate on the stator pressure surface as the chopped wake segments are transported downstream. This results in the generation of counter-rotating vortices on each side of the chopped wake segment that convect downstream with the mean flow and act as an additional source of unsteadiness to the vane pressure surface. These interaction phenomena are not evident in the PIV data at the part-speed compressor operating condition due to the much lower velocity deficit and hence slip velocity associated with the subsonic rotor wakes.Copyright © 2001 by ASME

Abstract: Dynamic stability of a reentry capsule in transonic speeds is discussed. An unsteady flowfield around the capsule under the forced pitching oscillation in the transonic flow of M = 1.3 is numerically simulated based on the three-dimensional thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical result reveals that the dynamic instability is caused by the phase delay of the base pressure. It is also found that the base pressure, the recompression shock wave, and the wake behind the recompression shock wave all oscillate with the same delay time. The flow mechanism is proposed based on the idea that the phase delay of the base pressure is caused by a feedback loop of the flowfield behind the capsule. This flow mechanism reasonably explains the features observed in the present numerical simulation, as well as the experimental fact that the dynamic instability occurs at very low reduced frequencies.

Abstract: In positron and proton storage rings, electrons produced by photoemission, ionization, and secondary emission accumulate in the vacuum chamber during multibunch operation with close spacing. A positron or proton bunch passing through this "electron cloud" experiences a force similar to a short-range wake field. This effective wake field can cause a transverse-mode-coupling instability, if the electron-cloud density exceeds a threshold value. In this report, we compute the electron-cloud induced wake in a region without external magnetic field both analytically and via computer simulation, for parameters representing the low-energy positron ring of KEKB and the LHC proton beam in the CERN SPS. We study the linearity and time dependence of the wake function and its variation with the size of the electron cloud. Using a broadband resonator model for the electron-cloud wake field, we then evaluate theoretical expressions for the transverse-mode-coupling instability based on the linearized Vlasov equation, and for the instability threshold of fast transverse blow up including its dependence on chromaticity.

Abstract: The paper presents a compilation of experimental data on the effects of wake-induced transition on a highly loaded LP turbine cascade intended to be used for further numerical work. Although the underlying physics is not yet completely understood, the benefits of wake passing are already known and employed in the design process of modern gas turbines. For further optimizations, the next step seems to be now to enable numerical simulations detailed enough to capture the major effects while being as uncomplicated as possible at the same time to be cost-effective. The experimental results constituted in this systematic investigation are available for download and should serve as a basic data set for future calculations with different turbulence and transition models, thereby shedding some light on the complexity and modeling required for a suitable numerical treatment of the wake-induced transition process.The data introduced in this test case was acquired using a turbine cascade called T106D-EIZ with increased blade pitch compared to design point conditions in order to achieve a higher loading. A large separation bubble forms on the suction side and allows to study boundary layer development in great detail. The upstream blade row was simulated by a moving bar type wake generator. The measurements comprise hot wire data of the bar wake characteristics in the cascade inlet plane (velocity deficit and turbulence level), boundary layer surveys with surface-mounted hot films sensors and a hot wire probe at various locations and measurements of the total pressure loss coefficient. Unsteady pressure transducers are embedded into the suction side of a cascade blade and in a wake rake to resolve the local pressure distributions over time. They yield quantitative values easily comparable to the output of numerical simulations.The objective of this paper is to enable and to invite interested researchers to validate their code on the data set. From the extensive test program, a very limited number of operating points have been selected to focus the work. The standardized data files include a “reference” case with an exit Reynolds number of 200.000 and an exit Mach number of 0.4 as well as two points with higher Mach or lower Reynolds number for constant wake passing frequencies and background turbulence levels.Copyright © 2001 by ASME