Abstract: Sixty male and 60 female undergraduates evaluated eight randomly presented messages which were both important for organizational effectiveness and personally threatening to the subordinate. The fol...

Abstract: Follow-up information from three groups of older persons (community residents, clinic clients, the institutionalized) confirms and extends data presented by Youmans and Yarrow [1] indicating that increasing interdependence among different areas of functioning increases with age, possibly resulting in increased vulnerability in time of loss Some implications of these findings were indicated

Abstract: Therefore the agenda of the conference was itself a reflection of our current knowledge. It included 34 papers on a wide yet closely inter-related series of topics: the state of the art in housing and shelter provision; vulnerability and mitigation measures; the cultural, political and developmental context of disasters; the relationship of casualties to housing damage; the physiological requirements of shelter; case studies of the modification of unsafe building techniques as attempted in recent disasters; finally a study of education techniques for local builders constructing safe houses.

Abstract: The review by Waddell of the collection of papers edited by me in Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global raises two general questions about that cooperative effort (1977). One is whether its approach to the problem of social adaptation to extreme natural events is "resolutely deterministic" (p. 69). The second is whether the methods used were appropriate to the problem. Waddell mentions, but could not have had access to, the final text of the companion volume on the Environment as Hazard (Burton et al., 1978) which he reported as in press. In contrast to the reviewed volume, the second volume offers a number of generalizations about situation and process drawn in part from studies reported in the earlier volume, and in part from other field studies. Readers interested in the topic may wish to consult the second volume as well as to examine what the various authors of the first volume in fact had to say about natural hazards in the areas studied. The review concludes that most of the authors share a position that adjustment to extreme events lies in "increasing interdependence, development and governmental intervention" (p. 76). Some of the authors may wish to reply individually, and I shall not attempt a point-by-point response, but a few comments are in order. Unfortunately, a major argument in the volume seems to have been overlooked. A number of the papers provide evidence that applications of increased technology in developing economies lead to enlarged vulnerability to property damage and in some situations, as in the cyclone-prone coastal areas of Bangladesh, to heightened danger to life. They do not assume that "the active forces are vested in nature and the passive in man" (p. 69). Rather, they take off from the conviction that hazards result from interactions between social and biological and physical systems in which people exercise choice among a large number of options subject to social constraints. A major aim was to explore the factors affecting those choices. In several of the Third World situations studied it was found that economic specialization and government intervention narrow the range of choice, work

Abstract: A year-long field training project comprised of university faculty and graduate students as participant-conceptualizers in developing proposals for two comprehensive community mental health centers is described. Students experienced an urban setting of high psychosocial vulnerability and a complex network of social-political agencies. Their participation in all phases of the project is discussed, from gathering demographic data to negotiating contractual arrangements for services.

Abstract: (1978). Cults and the Vulnerability of Jewish Youth. Jewish Education: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 23-42.