Abstract: Three experiments on tachistoscopic perception of visual stimuli demonstrate that the visual system is sensitive to global topological properties. The results indicate that extraction of global topological properties is a basic factor in perceptual organization.

Abstract: A review of research examines the relationship between visual perceptual skills and reading achievement using meta-analysis to integrate statistically the results from 161 studies. A total of 1,571 correlation coefficients were collected and aggregated across eight visual perceptual skills, six reading abilities, three grade levels, and three subject groups. Additionally, a correlation matrix was constructed and used for a factor analysis, cannonical correlation analysis, and step-wise multiple regression analysis descriptive of the relationship among and between visual perceptual skills, intelligence, and reading achievement variables. The findings suggested that visual perception is an important correlate of reading achievement, but the proportion of explained variance in reading skills was contingent on the combination of visual and reading variables considered. It was concluded that visual perceptual skills should be included in the complex of factors predictive of reading achievement.

Abstract: (1982). Identifying The Theoretical Foundations of Visual Literacy. Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 37-42.

Abstract: The literature, classical and modern, on visual perceptual disturbances in the elderly is reviewed. The utility of the concept of the Charles Bonnet Syndrome, an eponym originally coined to describe visual hallucinations in the elderly in the absence of cognitive impairment and peripheral ophthalmopathy, is challenged, particularly as the syndrome has become progressively enlarged. Three representative cases of elderly patients who have developed different types of visual perceptual disturbances are described. It is proposed to undertake a systematic study of the frequency of such disturbances in the elderly and of what other pathologies, particularly cognitive and visual, may be associated with them.

Abstract: This study investigates the effects of the regular practice of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique on habitual patterns of visual perception and verbal problem solving. The study’s predictions were expressed in the context of Norman’s model, which suggests that meditation reduces conceptually driven processes. It was specifically hypothesized that the TM technique involves a reduction of habitual patterns of perceptual and conceptual activation, resulting in (1) more effective application of schemata to new information and (2) less distracting mental activity during performance. This was predicted to result in improved task performance on task conditions in which either (1) habitual patterns of performance hinder or do not aid performance or (2) habitual patterns aid performance. Subjects began the TM technique, relaxed, or added nothing to their daily schedule for 2-week periods. In addition to generalized effects of the interventions, the immediate effects of the TM technique, relaxation, and reading were compared on a letter perception task. The general hypothesis was supported for tasks of tachistoscopic identification of card and letter-sequence stimuli, but not for the verbal problem solving task of anagram solution.

Abstract: Literature dealing with the peripheral retina and its 'specialization for motion detection' is reviewed. The data at hand seem to indicate that the central retina is more 'specialized' for motion perception than the peripheral retina. It is clear that motion improves vision for stimuli presented peripherally.

Abstract: Each of four groups of 12 subjects performed four psychophysical tasks. The age ranges of the four groups were 19-31, 45-57, 58-70, and 71-83 years, respectively. All four tasks required some form of visual information processing: Two were backward-masking tasks; two were temporal-integration tasks. In all four tasks increasing temporal functions over age were obtained, suggesting slower processing rates as age increased. The results support an active processing model of visual perception that interprets duration of visible persistence and duration of interval in which backward masking is effective as indices of the time course of early stages in the processing of stimulus features. The evidences also suggests that backward masking and visible persistence may be mediated by distinct mechanisms that are affected differently by aging processes. A model that conceptualizes the visual system as a multichannel processor is proposed as an explanation for some of the findings.

Abstract: This article is based on the premise that instruction involves the control of cognitive processes by means of carefully selected instructional strategies. Visual cognitive processes having to do with perception, the assimilation of new information, and learning by means of analogy are examined, and particular instructional strategies by which each process can be controlled are identified. Ways of improving mental skills (i.e., those visual processes at which the learner is relatively adept) are discussed. Conclusions are drawn regarding relationships between visual learning and instruction, and implications for research and design are examined.

Abstract: We argue that two processes are involved in the visual perception of shapes moving behind narrow apertures. “Retinal painting” occurs when the eyes are free to pursue the moving shape and when the traverse time across the aperture is sufficiently short to allow visual persistence of the temporally successive views. When pursuit eye movements do not occur, however, the shape may still be perceived if it moves relatively slowly. The latter kind of perception does not involve seeing all the parts of the shape simultaneously (as in the case with retinal painting) but we demonstrate that shapes seen in this way have some of the same properties as conventionally presented shapes. The discussion emphasises the relevance of these findings to general problems in movement perception. We use Hochberg's term “aperture viewing” in preference to the alternative “anorthoscopic effect”, use of which depends on a confusion first introduced by Zollner (1862), who referred to “eine neue Art anorthoskopischer Zerrbilder”. Th...

Abstract: : In two experiments, observers judged the apparent size of a collimated disk of light (a simulated moon) projected just above the horizon a real and virtual scenes by means of a stimulus presentation device, the 'moon machine.' As these judgments were registered, masks obscured various bands of the lower half of the visual field. Immediately following these judgments measurements of the observers' visual accommodation were made using a laser optometer. Results showed a strong correlation between mean apparent size and mean accommodation shift. Major conclusions were (1) viewing a virtual (collimated) image of a real scene is not the same as viewing the real scene, (2) for natural (real) scenes the retinal locus of scenic texture is the primary determinant of apparent size, whereas for virtual images it has a more reliable effect on visual accommodation, and (3) whatever the relationship between apparant size and visual accommodation is, their mean correlation is in excess of 0.90. These findings agree well with, and extend, those of Iavecchia, Iavecchia, and Roscoe (1978) and Simonelli and Roscoe (1979). (Author)

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter defines two common classes of perceptual anisotropy. They are perceptual salience of the main orthogonals, meaning the orientation hierarchy of vertical-horizontal-oblique, and perceptual equivalence on the lateral meaning the similarity of left-right mirror-image sections or enantiomorphs of a pattern. The circumstances under which these perceptual anisotropies emerge in different species, particularly in humans have been reviewed. The chapter focuses on visual perception, since the visual modality is superior to others in the perception of space and interprets psychological evidence that points to the existence of perceptual anisotropies among newborns and infants in the first year of life. Like older human children and adults and like other infrahuman species, human infants are not equally sensitive to all spatial orientations or to all transformations of patterns that occur in the perceptual world. The two common classes of anisotropy are especially prominent in infancy. Infants consistently find the main orthogonals salient, as shown in a variety of detection, acuity, information-processing, and preference measures. Infants also see and treat as equivalent lateral mirror-image components of visual patterns. The chapter concludes with a discussion on some theoretical interrelations between the two classes of anisotropy, the special role of the face in perceptual anisotropies, and some likely implications of infant anisotropies for the development of perception, cognition, and language in childhood.

Abstract: A screening method and apparatus suitable for diagnosing dyslexia which includes a television camera for detecting reflected light to track eye movements in response to projected visual stimuli. The loci of said eye movements are superimposed over the visual stimuli on a TV monitor and also recorded. In addition, corresponding brain wave activity can be scanned and correlated with the eye movements.

Abstract: These studies compared the spatial (Experiment 1) and temporal (Experiment 2) contextual information in memories of perceived pictures with that available in memories of imagined pictures. As expected, contextual information was generally superior for memories derived from perception.

Abstract: An understanding of the psychological principles of visual perception can help computer scientists improve man-machine communication

Abstract: Visual perception has perplexed researchers in philosophy and psychology for centuries. Now it’s also perplexing computer scientists. Despite persistent efforts by many noted scientists, it is still unclear how our brain “sees” the visual signals received by our eyes [10]. Earlier it was believed that a good understanding of optics, the retinal image, and the anatomy and physiology of eye and brain would unravel the puzzle of visual perception. However, the many advances in these fields have not solved the problem.

Abstract: The impact of both the static and dynamic visual complexity of a half-hour sequence of “Sesame Street” segments upon viewers' visual attention, recall, and recognition are assessed in this study of 48 four and five year olds. Previous research has produced inconsistent results with respect to the links among the three sets of variables in this observational learning process. Results of a path analysis indicated strong negative relationships between static complexity and all three viewer variables, positive relationships between dynamic complexity and both attention and recognition, and between attention and both types of learning. No significant relationship emerged between dynamic complexity and recall. Implications for television production aimed at young children are discussed.