Violent non-state actor

Abstract: Traditional security approach focuses on the state and the problem of national security. However, it is argued that individuals should be privileged as the referent object of security. Human security concept consists of actors and agendas that are not evaluated by traditional security approach. Human security holds that the security of the state does not necessarily ensure the security of its citizens. The nation-state is experiencing an erosion of power and sovereignty, and non-state actors are part of the cause. One aspect of them is violent non-state actor (VNSA) that contests the monopoly on violence of the state and pose a pressing challenge to human security. This paper aims to identify factors, trends, and developments that have contributed to the emergence of VNSAs and their implications upon human security.