Abstract: The nature and extent of the gene pools in cultigens of the genera Phaseolus and Vigna, as indicated by studies of experimental interspecific hybridization, are reviewed. In all cases a primary gene pool exists comprising conspecific wild and cultivated forms.

Abstract: Ungerminated seeds of mung bean contain a single major species (F) of trypsin inhibitor with five minor species (A-E) separable on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. During germination the level of trypsin inhibitory activity decreases from 1.8 units/grams dry weight in ungerminated cotyledons to 1.2 units/grams in cotyledons from seeds germinated 5 days. This decrease is accompanied by major changes in the distribution of inhibitory activity among the inhibitor species. By 48 hours of germination, inhibitor F has largely disappeared with an accompanying rapid increase in inhibitor C. Similarly, though less rapidly, inhibitor E decreases while inhibitor A increases. A similar sequence of changes is found in vitro when purified inhibitor F is incubated with extracts from seeds germinated 96 hours. The combined in vivo and in vitro data suggest a conversion sequence of: F → E → C → A. The in vitro conversion is inhibited by phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride but not by iodoacetamide, indicating that at least the initial phases of inhibitor conversion are not catalyzed by the mung bean vicilin peptidohydrolase.

Abstract: Vegetable milks were prepared in the laboratory from mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers] and chick-pea [Cicer arietinum (L.)] by homogenisation of a filtered aqueous extract of the ground legume with soya bean oil. Emulsions stable to pasteurisation were made from the first two. Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.)] and black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)] were found to be unsuitable as bases for milks prepared by simple processing. The nitrogen, oil, sugar and ash contents of the first three legumes, and of milks prepared from them, were determined. Imitation milks are intended to resemble animal milks nutritionally, and whilst the contents of potassium and phosphorus were acceptable, these vegetable milks were low in sodium, calcium and zinc. The trypsin inhibitory activity, whilst low in comparison with soya milk, was partially stable to pasteurisation. The amino acid composition indicated that it would be desirable to complement legume proteins with cereal proteins to prepare vegetable milks.

Abstract: Of the 22 tubers and 9 pulses screened for inhibitors of enterokinase activity, the following 12 tubers,Curcuma amada, Kyllinga monocephala, Solanum tuberosum, Canna indica, Helianthus tuberosus, Coleus parviformis, Mirabilis jalapa, Colocasia antiquorum (red variety),Alium cepa, Amorphophalus companulatus, Maranta arundinacea, Daucus carota, and 9 pulses namely,Vigna sinensis, Arachis hypogea, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris (white bean),Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean),Phaseolus mungo, Cicer arietinum, Dolichos lablab and Cajonus cajan contained inhibitory activity. Three tubers,Amorphophalus companulatus, Maranta arundinacea andDaucus carota and all the nine pulses exhibited endogenous esterase activity towards benzoyl arginine ethyl ester. Among the 8 pulses and 3 tubers processed by affinity chromatography on trypsin-sepharose, to separate trypsin inhibitor from enterokinase inhibitor,Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean),Phaseolus vulgaris (white bean) andDolichos lablab contained distinct enterokinase inhibitors. These fractions were devoid of trypsin inhibitor activity. The trypsin inhibitor fromColeus parviformis tubers alone did not bind to trypsinsepharose and was recovered in the unbound fraction along with the enterokinase inhibitor.

Abstract: Nodulated plants of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) were grown for 6 weeks in sand culture in a range of constantly maintained levels of NO3−N. The application of NO3−N in the rooting medium increased the dry weight of the plants, particularly the shoot system. High levels of NO3−N resulted in drastic reduction in the proportion of14C-labelled photosynthates translocated to the nodulus, with a corresponding increase to the stem and roots. Nodules on plants grown without NO3−N had a higher14C-activity.

Abstract: Givord. L. 1981. Southern bean mosaicvirus isolated fromcowpea (Vigna unguicula/a)in the Ivory Coast. Plant Disease 65:755-756. A disease characterized by vein clearing, vein banding, and distortion of leaves and growfh reduction of cowpea plants was observed in the northern Ivory Coast. The host range of virus isolated from diseased plants was almost totally restricted to leguminous species and was seedtransmitted in cowpea. Electron microscopy of purified preparationsshowed isometric particles 30 nm in diameter. I n cowpea mechanically inoculated with purified virus, symptoms were identical to those observed in the field. The virus was identified as southern bean mosaic virus by host range, physical properties, and serologic tests. No other viruses were associated with the disease. The virus reduced seed weight ofcultivars California Blackeye and Edible Blackeye I I and 59%. respectively. This is the first report of this disease in the Ivory Coast. During a survey fo r viruses in the northern region of the Ivory Coast, tissue was collected f r o m s tun ted cowpea plants, Vigna unguiculafa L. (Walp.), showing vein banding and distortion of leaves. From this material, I isolated a virus with isometric particles that was readi ly t ransmissible by mechanical inoculation of sap and that induced in cowpea in the screenhouse the same symptoms as seen in the field. The virus appeared to be identical with the cowpea 9 , , b to confirm this identification. sirain of southern bean mosaic virus (SBMC'). The following study was done \ i MATERIALS AND METHODS Virus propagation and properties. The virus was maintained by sap transmission in cowpea cultivars Early Ramshorn and Edible Blackeye in the screenhouse. The temperature ranged from 28 .to 35 C during the day, and relative humidity was always 90-100%. Crude extracts were obtained 18-25 days a f t e r i nocu la t ion by g r ind ing infected leaves ( l : l , w/v) with 0.01 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The thermal inactivation point, dilution end po in t , a n d longevi ty in v i t ro were determined according to the methods of Bos et al (2). Six Early Ramshorn ( 7 ) plants for each temperature, dilution, and day were used to determine if the sap was infectious. Pu r i f i ca t ion , cen t r i fuga t ion , a n d electron microscopy. The virus was Present address of author: Laboratoire de Virologie. Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire du C.N.R.S.. 15. rue Descarles. 67084 Strasbourg Cedex France. Accepted for publication 19 May 1981. O1 91 -291 7/81/09075502/$03.00/0 C l 981 American Phytopathological Society purified from cowpea by Steere's method (14). The sedimentation coefficient (S) was evaluated by boundary sedimentation in a Beckman Spinco Model E analytical centr i fuge equ ipped with Schl ieren optics. S at each concentration was co r rec t ed t o S Z O , ~ a s descr ibed by Schachman ( IO) . S~O,,, was determined by extrapolation to zero concentrations of the S Z O , ~ values measured a t different concentrations. Leaf dip preparations and purified virus were examined in a Siemens 101 electron microscope a t a n o m i n a l magnif icat ion of 12,000. Negat ive a n d posi t ive s ta ining with uranyl acetate were done. Serology. Rabbits were injected weekly with 1 or2mgofv i rus in0 .5mlof0 .01 M sodium phosphate buffer emulsified with 0.5 ml of Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Rabbits were bled a t weekly intervals starting I wk after the second injection. Double-diffusion tests were performed in plates with 3-mm diameter wells, 4 mm apart in 0.7% agar (Agar Noble, Difco) with 0.9% N a C l a n d 0.1% NaN3. Relationships with other viruses were de t e rmined by t h e intragel crossabsorption test (15). Transmission. Healthy aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover and A. spiraecola Patch, were starved for 2 hr and then allowed an acquisition feeding of 2 min or 2 days on infected cowpea plants and an inoculation access period of 48 hr on healthy cowpea plants. Flea beetles, Podagrica decolorata Duvivier, were given 24-hr acquisition and 48-hr inoculation periods (16). Seeds f r o m in fec t ed . Black Sys t e cowpeas that were recently harvested or stored as long as 2 mo at 24 C were planted in a screenhouse. Effect on yield.The number and size of pods and the number and weight of seed produced by 50 healthy plants and 50 plants infected with the Ivory Coast isolate were determined in the greenhouse f o r Ca l i fo rn ia Blackeye a n d Edible Blackeye cowpeas. RESULTS S y m p t o m s . T h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f . symptoms is based o n the c r i t e r i a proposed by Bos ( I ) . Except for Black Syste, every cowpea cultivar inoculated reacted with chlorotic local lesions. In Edible Blackeye cowpeas, the systemic symptoms were leaf chlorosis and vein clearing 7 days after inoculation; growth reduction, chlorosis, and dark green blotches on some leaves 13 days after inoculation; and vein banding, coarse mosa ic , d i s to r t ion , pucke r ing , a n d blistering of leaves and stunting of plants 16 d a y s a f t e r i nocu la t ion (Fig. I ) . Symptoms on other cowpea cultivars were similar. Host range. The virus was readily transmitted by mechanical inoculation with sap from cowpea leaves or pods. Cowpea cultivars Black Syste, California Blackeye, Edible Blackeye, and Early Ramshorn showed systemic symptoms. Virus was recovered from the following hosts , which reacted with systemic symptoms only: Glycine max, Phaseolus at rop urp ure us, and Vigna sesq uipedalis (Leguminosae); and Gomphrena globosa (Amaranthaceae). Other hosts including Phaseolus vulgaris ' n a in mange tou t Contender,' Pisum sativuni 'Wando.'and Voandzeia sub terranea (Leguminosae) were symptomless. Virus was not recovered in back inoculation tests t o cowpea from Arachis hypogaea, Cajanus cajun, Dolichos lablab 'd'Egypte' and 'Soudan Pourpre,' Phaseolus vulgaris 'Tendercrop,"nain fin de Bagnoles,' 'nain Triomphe de Farcy,' and 'nain mangetout T o p Crop,' Pìsutn sativum 'Douce Provence,' Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Vicia faba 'd'Aguadulce' (Leguminosae ) ; Tetragonia expansa (Aizoaceae); Vinca rosea (Apocynaceae); Brassicapekinensis 'PeTsai' (Cruciferae); Citrul lus vulgaris , Cucumis m e l o ' C a n t a l o u p c h a r e n t a i s , ' C. sativus 'Burpee Poinsett' and 'Straight Eight,' Cucurbira p e p o 'Kürh i i D i a m a n t ' (Cucurbitaceae); Zea m q s (Gramineae); Hibiscus esculentus (Malvaceae); Passiflora edulis (Passifloraceae); Capsicum annuum 'Ca r ré d o u x d 'Amér ique , ' Darura s tramonium, Nicotiana hentharniana, N. glutinosa, N . tabacuni ' S a m s u n ' a n d 'Whi t e Burley, ' N . Xedwardsonii Christie & D. W. Hall, Physulis angulara (Solanaceae). Virus properties. In crude extract, the Plant Disease/September 1981 755

Abstract: SummaryCotyledons were shown to be a major source of inherent root promotion in mung bean cuttings. Cuttings from seeds of different size and seedlings of different ages therefore gave a variable rooting response in bioassays for root-promoting activity. A consistent and sensitive bioassay was achieved by removing the cotyledons from germinating seedlings four days after sowing.

Abstract: When listing the enemies of pulses, Bruchidae are generally registered at the end of the list under the term of ‘storage pests’ To consider a very recent example, Singh & Allen (1980) include Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis in this category when referring to the damage caused to the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) while Larson & Fisher had already described in 1938 the oviposition of Callosobruchus maculatus in the fields on Vigna pods

Abstract: SUMMARY Field evaluation of 26 selected cowpea cultivars showed that several of them had good levels of resistance to Cydia ptychora; TVu 946, Adzuki, ‘Vita 5’ and Igbirra were the most resistant. Percentage seed damaged by the larvae was positively correlated with days to 50% flowering (r= 0.39*), days to 50% pod ripening (r= 0.48*) and weight of 100 seeds (r= 0.56**). All four cultivars were early maturing, had semi-determinate or determinate plant types and carried their pods above the leaf canopy. No single morphological character could be related to the degree of seed damage but some association with phenological characteristics was indicated. Earliness, determinacy and uniform pod maturity were important plant characters associated with the expression of field resistance. Even if these characters are not causative, they provide a rational basis for screening of a large germplasm to identify or synthesise materials with greater resistance to this moth.

Abstract: Relationships between the different population densities of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis, individually and concomitantly alongwith growth of black gram (Vigna mungo) were studied under pot culture conditions. Both the species caused significant growth reduction at the level of one infective individual per cc of soil. In concomitant inoculations the extent of growth reduction was relatively less than individual effects. The fresh shoot weight was more sensitive to nematode injury than shoot length.

Abstract: First internode growth of green Vigna sinensis L. can be widely modified by light or dark treatments. In all the treatments used there is a good correlation between the internode growth and the rate of C18-1 accumulation. None of the other fatty acids show such a correlation.

Abstract: The resistance of 50 varieties of Vigna unguiculata Walp to the attack of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard was studied under furrow irrigation. The varieties suffering the least and the most damages due to the insect were VITA-3 and 5F=-PI-112, respectively. There was an intermediary susceptibility of the studied varieties between those two extremes.