Abstract: Recent gait recognition systems often suffer from the challenges including viewing angle variation and large intra-class variations. In order to address these challenges, this paper presents a robust View Transformation Model for gait recognition. Based on the gait energy image, the proposed method establishes a robust view transformation model via robust principal component analysis. Partial least square is used as feature selection method. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed method finds out a shared linear correlated low rank subspace, which brings the advantages that the view transformation model is robust to viewing angle variation, clothing and carrying condition changes. Conducted on the CASIA gait dataset, experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the other existing methods.

Abstract: The recently emerging three-dimensional (3D) displays in the electronic shops imitate depth illusion by overlapping two parallax 2D images through either polarized glasses that viewers are required to wear or lenticular lenses fixed directly on the display. Holography, on the other hand, provides real 3D imaging, although usually limiting colors to monochrome. The so-called rainbow holograms—mounted, for example, on credit cards—are also produced from parallax images that change color with viewing angle. We report on a holographic technique based on surface plasmons that can reconstruct true 3D color images, where the colors are reconstructed by satisfying resonance conditions of surface plasmon polaritons for individual wavelengths. Such real 3D color images can be viewed from any angle, just like the original object.

Abstract: The cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstruction problem is to find the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule given noisy versions of its two-dimensional projection images at unknown random directions. We introduce a new algorithm for identifying noisy cryo-EM images of nearby viewing angles. This identification is an important first step in three-dimensional structure determination of macromolecules from cryo-EM, because once identified, these images can be rotationally aligned and averaged to produce “class averages” of better quality. The main advantage of our algorithm is its extreme robustness to noise. The algorithm is also very efficient in terms of running time and memory requirements, because it is based on the computation of the top few eigenvectors of a specially designed sparse Hermitian matrix. These advantages are demonstrated in numerous numerical experiments.

Abstract: Phenomenological relations exist between the peak luminosity and other observables of type Ia supernovae (SNe~Ia), that allow one to standardize their peak luminosities. However, several issues are yet to be clarified: SNe~Ia show color variations after the standardization. Also, individual SNe~Ia can show residuals in their standardized peak absolute magnitude at the level of $\sim 0.15$ mag. In this paper, we explore how the color and luminosity residual are related to the wavelength shift of nebular emission lines observed at $\gsim 150$ days after maximum light. A sample of 11 SNe Ia which likely suffer from little host extinction indicates a correlation ($3.3\sigma$) between the peak $B-V$ color and the late-time emission-line shift. Furthermore, a nearly identical relation applies for a larger sample in which only three SNe with $B-V \gsim 0.2$ mag are excluded. Following the interpretation that the late-time emission-line shift is a tracer of the viewing direction from which an off-centre explosion is observed, we suggest that the viewing direction is a dominant factor controlling the SN color and that a large part of the color variations is intrinsic, rather than due to the host extinction. We also investigate a relation between the peak luminosity residuals and the wavelength shift in nebular emission lines in a sample of 20 SNe. We thereby found a hint of a correlation (at $\sim 1.6 \sigma$ level). The confirmation of this will require a future sample of SNe with more accurate distance estimates. Radiation transfer simulations for a toy explosion model where different viewing angles cause the late-time emission-line shift are presented, predicting a strong correlation between the color and shift, and a weaker one for the luminosity residual.

Abstract: The present invention provides an LED illumination device including a base (4), at least one flexible circuit board (51) and a plurality of LEDs (52). The at least one flexible circuit board is used for covering the base. The LEDs are mounted on the flexible circuit board. The present invention utilizes a flexible circuit board that can conform to the base having a 360 degree curved surface and a 3D solid structure to efficiently change the viewing angle of the LEDs so as to provide 360 degree viewing angle. Furthermore, a single flexible circuit board can be utilized to cover the base to provide a 360 degree viewing angle. Therefore, the LED illumination device of the present invention can reduce manufacturing cost and simplify the manufacturing process.

Abstract: Primates are very good at recognizing objects independent of viewing angle or retinal position, and they outperform existing computer vision systems by far. But invariant object recognition is only one prerequisite for successful interaction with the environment. An animal also needs to assess an object's position and relative rotational angle. We propose here a model that is able to extract object identity, position, and rotation angles. We demonstrate the model behavior on complex three-dimensional objects under translation and rotation in depth on a homogeneous background. A similar model has previously been shown to extract hippocampal spatial codes from quasi-natural videos. The framework for mathematical analysis of this earlier application carries over to the scenario of invariant object recognition. Thus, the simulation results can be explained analytically even for the complex high-dimensional data we employed.

Abstract: Recently, the display of liquid crystal having the blue phase have been studied more intensively because it has many merits such as wide viewing angle without compensation films, very fast switching response time, and no need for the alignment layer and the rubbing process. First, we confirmed the feasibility of the blue phase liquid crystal display by means of polymer stabilization in the test cell. Even though we could get a wide temperature range that shows the blue phase, there were still problems such as the high operation voltage, hysteresis so on. In 2008, by developing and applying new technologies for improving these characteristics, we successfully fabricated a new kind of the liquid crystal display using the blue phase for the first time in the world.

Abstract: We model the expected X-ray polarization induced by complex reprocessing in the active nucleus of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068. Recent analysis of infrared interferometry observations suggests that the ionized outflows ejected by the central engine are not aligned with the symmetry axis of the obscuring torus. This conclusion was obtained by extrapolating the apparent orientation of the narrow-line region to the inner parts of the ionization cones. We show that future measurements of the soft X-ray polarization vector unambiguously determine the orientation of the ionization cones. Furthermore, X-ray polarimetry across a broad photon energy range may independently verify the misalignment between the ionization cones and the axis of the torus. To model the expected polarization percentage and position angle, we apply the radiative transfer code stokes. Reprocessing of the primary X-ray radiation takes place in the accretion disc, the surrounding equatorial torus and the inclined, ionized outflows. We also examine additional equatorial scattering occurring in between the accretion disc and the inner surfaces of the torus. Radiative coupling between the different reprocessing components is computed coherently. The resulting polarization properties depend on the optical depth of the reprocessing regions and on the viewing angle of the observer. We show that even under unfavourable conditions the misalignment of the outflows with respect to the torus axis can be determined from a rotation of the polarization position angle between softer and harder X-rays. We argue that the misalignment of the outflows with respect to the torus axis in NGC 1068 may be constrained by a future X-ray mission if equipped with a broad-band polarimeter.

Abstract: This study proposed a two-stage LED lens design optimization system, and used the viewing angle and the luminance uniformity as the optical quality objective. Optical design software (TracePro) and the orthogonal table of Taguchi method were used for simulation experiment. In the first stage, the viewing angle was used as the optical quality objective to find out the preliminary optimization of lens shape. The optimal LED lens size parameter combination of the first stage was used in the second stage to create L25(56) orthogonal table, and then the Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) was used to establish the LED lens quality predictor to predict the FWHM angle and luminance uniformity in different overall sizes. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) with the quality predictor was used to find out the optimum design parameter combination of overall size according to the required quality objective. A LED with wide viewing angle and high luminance uniformity was taken as an example in this study to design a LED optical lens with 135^o FWHM angle and 93.35% uniformity.

Abstract: The disclosure generally relates to optical elements such as switchable privacy filters useful for displaying information in at least two modes. In the first mode, the viewing angle can be limited to restrict viewing to near-normal orientations. In the second mode, the viewing angle can be increased so that the information can be viewed at larger oblique angles. The disclosure also relates to switchable privacy displays that include the switchable privacy filters.

Abstract: In the integral imaging system, the viewing angle is limited by the size and focal length of the elemental lens. In this regard, we propose a new method for the viewing angle enhancement in the InIm. The proposed method employs a refractive index medium between the elemental image plane and the lens array. The viewing angle enhanced InIm display is analyzed based on the imaging terms. The experimental result shows that the viewing angle is doubled.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed including a computing device configured to allow a user to view a multi-stream video from a selected angle/direction with respect to the contents of the multi-stream video, under the user's control. The multi-stream video is generated using multiple Image Acquisition Devices (IAD), such as cameras, simultaneously, consecutively, or independently filming a scene, each IAD having a different position with respect to each of the other IADs. Each image data stream obtained from each IAD may be uniquely identified to allow selective real-time playback of image data streams under user control. Each image data stream represents a corresponding viewing angle to the user. The user may dynamically change the selection of an image stream, and thus the viewing angle, while viewing a recorded scene. Multiple image streams of the same scene may be selected and viewed simultaneously to provide 3D or other visual effects.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for synchronously playing multi-viewing-angle pictures on a digital television screen. A program of digital television comprises video streams and corresponding audio streams which are from different cameras, wherein the video streams reflect different viewing angles. When receiving the program, a set-top box can select interesting video stream at a certain viewing angle and the corresponding audio stream to play in a full screen mode, or can select multiple video streams to play synchronously on the screen. When videos of video streams at multiple viewing angles are played at the same time, a mosaic mode can be selected for playing, or the video at one viewing angle is played as a main picture, and the videos at other viewing angles are played in a picture-in-picture mode, and the audio corresponding to the video of the main picture is played so that audiences can switch the video of the main picture anytime. The multi-viewing angle television is applied to sportscast, and audiences can freely select the videos from different cameras so as to meet personalized watching needs.

Abstract: The classical definitions of color are well adapted to diffusing objects, whose color is almost independent of the viewing angle, and to very glossy object observed in the specular direction in respect to the light source. For glossy or iridescent objects, the color is difficult to characterize due to its dependence on the viewing direction. In order to cope with such objects and to represent their angle-dependent colors in a colorimetric space, we adapt the CIELAB space to “goniocolorimetric” measurements. A crucial point when defining this space is the statement of the viewing solid angle. First, we suggest performing a BRDF measurement at high angular resolution in order to characterize the gloss of the specimen. Then, since for the definition of colors the CIE recommends cones of halfangle of 2° or 10°, we propose to convert the measured BRDF into a reflectance factor defined in respect to these solid angles. This procedure is eased by a planar multispectral image of the BRDF, where solid angles are specified by the pixel size. At last, the reflectance factors are converted into CIELAB coordinates. By using this procedure, the perfect white diffuser but also the perfect mirror can be represented in this colorimetric space.

Abstract: This paper focuses on the use of multispectral measurements to classify remotely sensed radiance and reflectance information into three tree species, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), and birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh., Betula pendula Roth), using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. The features used for the classifier are radiometric involving different viewing angles, but without textural information. At-sensor radiance (ASR) signals used here were obtained using a four-band Leica ADS40-SH52 airborne sensor. The experiments were carried out in a forest area at Hyytiala, in southern Finland (61°50' N, 24°20' E), which has been widely used for similar purposes, so that detailed tree-level information has been reported previously. The flight was carried out on August 23, 2008. ADS40 ASR measurements can be converted to ground reflectance signatures in two viewing directions using atmosphere and BRDF modeling implemented in Leica XPro 4.2 software. Taking into account the assumptions entailed in the radiometric model, the classification performance of the ground reflectance is evaluated only for the pixel values under sunlit conditions and is compared with the performance of the ASR data. The sunlit and shaded parts of the tree crown were extracted based on the use of LiDAR data for crown shape modeling. The classification results for the real multispectral measurements are compared with the earlier results obtained with simulated Leica ADS40 at-sensor radiance response values which were based on the ground-level high-resolution ground reflectance factor measurements using a single viewing direction. The simulated classification accuracy was 75-79% with the original four bands, while it was up to 85-88%, using the simulated fifth channel. It was found here that the classification accuracy using comparable real ADS40-SH52 four-band data and one viewing angle was 75-79% and increased to 78-82% with two viewing angles. The results show that the best-case classification accuracy with real data can reach 88% if trees are modeled as objects with sunlit and shaded areas, and multiple measurements are available for every tree. The results suggest that ground reflectance estimation with normalization of anisotropic reflectance behavior leads to similar classification performance to ASR data, but can in some cases improve the generalization properties of training data.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal display device of VAIPS mode, which uses a liquid crystal material having negative dielectric anisotropy (Δ∈<0), and has a high response speed, a wide viewing angle, a high transmittance at the time of light transmission, a high black level at the time of light blockage, and an excellent contrast ratio. Disclosed is a liquid crystal display device including a first substrate, a second substrate, and a liquid crystal composition layer having negative dielectric constant, which is interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, the liquid crystal display device being an electro-optical display device which has a plurality of pixels, and in which each of the pixels is independently controllable and has a pair of a pixel electrode and a common electrode, the two electrodes are provided on at least one substrate of the first substrate and the second substrate, and the long axis of the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal composition layer is in a substantial vertical alignment or a hybrid alignment with respect to the substrate surface.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a light-diffusing film having both satisfactory light-diffusing properties and satisfactory transmission sharpness and having a wide viewing angle and high front contrast and generating no white blur when applied to a liquid crystal display device, to provide a manufacturing method therefor, to provide a light diffusing polarizing plate using the same and to provide a liquid crystal display device.SOLUTION: The light light-diffusing film has a light-diffusing layer 102 which is laminated on the substrate film 101 and in which light-transmitting microparticles 104 are diffused, wherein the ratio of the intensity of laser light transmitted from the light-diffusing layer side, in a direction 40° off the normal direction, to the intensity of laser light incident upon the light-diffusing film from the substrate film side in the normal direction and having a wavelength of 543.5 nm, is 0.0002-0.001%, the transmission sharpness summed over four optical combs is 70-180%, the total haze and internal haze levels are 40-70%, the surface haze level due to the surface geometry of the light-diffusing layer is less than 2%, and the centerline average roughness of the surface of the light-diffusing layer is ≤0.2 μm.

Abstract: A method of image processing comprising receiving a plurality of interpolated images, interpolated from two adjacent camera positions having different image planes, applying a transformation to each interpolated image to a respective one of a plurality intermediate image planes, wherein each intermediate image plane is oriented intermediate to the image planes of the two adjacent camera positions depending on a viewing angle of that interpolated image relative to the adjacent camera positions Also an integrated circuit or processor, an apparatus for capturing images and an apparatus for displaying images

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve viewing angle characteristics and reduce a cost by controlling deterioration of color purity and luminance when viewed obliquely in an organic EL display device having a micro-cavity structure.SOLUTION: In the organic EL display device having a micro-cavity structure, a convex curvature shape portion 15 is formed swelling at an organic EL element 3 forming part of an interlayer insulating film 14 so as to correspond to a pixel aperture. An organic layer 20 of the organic EL element 3 is formed on the convex curvature shape portion 15 in uniform thickness so that it may be along the lines of the surface shape of the convex curvature shape portion 15.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed including a computing device configured to allow a user to view a multi-stream video from a selected angle/direction with respect to the contents of the multi-stream video, under the user's control. The multi-stream video is generated using multiple Image Acquisition Devices (IAD), such as cameras, simultaneously, consecutively, or independently filming a scene. Each image data stream may be uniquely identified to allow selective real-time playback of image data streams under user control. The user may dynamically change the selection of an image stream, and thus the viewing angle, while viewing a recorded scene or may dynamically change the selection of an image stream to simulate panning of a scene. Multiple image streams of the same scene may be selected and viewed simultaneously to provide 3D or other visual effects.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device and, more specifically, to an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device having a high viewing angle and a high aperture ratio. A characteristic of the present invention is to form a plurality of sub-pixel regions constituting a single pixel to have a hybrid multi-domain structure in which a multi-domain electrode structure and a single domain electrode structure are mixed. Thereby, a high viewing angle can be implemented and an aperture ratio can also be improved at the same time since a color shift and gray-scale reversal phenomenon can be minimized. Further, an yellowish phenomenon of the in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device can be reduced and emphasis of a red color due to a R sub-pixel region can be prevented since the multi-domain electrode structure and the single-domain electrode structure of the sub-pixel region can be freely designed with a user′s desired characteristics. In addition, a higher white luminance can be obtained.

Abstract: This paper is to introduce the system design and implementation of a low-cost 360-degree true-color light emitting diode (LED) display system. This energy-saving LED display system employs both rotating scan scheme and a precision control in combination of time and space to provide three same screen displays of resolution 320×240 with only three columns of tricolor (Red, Green, Blue) LEDs. The frequency of scan and the speed of rotation are high enough to be indistinguishable by human eyes, hence the display appears to be constantly illuminated and the brilliant color image can be seen from any viewing angle. In order to realize colorful images in real time, both LED gradation driving method and display data processing are implemented in CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Array). The experimental results show that the LED display system has an efficient and satisfying display quality, compared to the traditional LED dot matrix display and commercial surround color LED display.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display with a plurality of pixel units. Each pixel unit includes two sub-pixels. Each sub-pixel includes a thin film transistor, a liquid crystal capacitor and a storage capacitor. One of the storage capacitors is a changeable capacitor. By the changeable capacitor, two different data voltages are generated in respective sub-pixels during adjacent frames. The different data voltages are symmetrical with respect to a common voltage to improve image quality.

Abstract: Focusing gaze on a target helps stabilize upright posture. We investigated how this visual stabilization can be affected by observing a target presented under different gaze and viewing angles. In a series of 10-second trials, participants (N = 20, 29.3 ± 9 years of age) stood on a force plate and fixed their gaze on a figure presented on a screen at a distance of 1 m. The figure changed position (gaze angle: eye level (0°), 25° up or down), vertical body orientation (viewing angle: at eye level but rotated 25° as if leaning toward or away from the participant), or both (gaze and viewing angle: 25° up or down with the rotation equivalent of a natural visual perspective). Amplitude of participants' sagittal displacement, surface area, and angular position of the center of gravity (COG) were compared. Results showed decreased COG velocity and amplitude for up and down gaze angles. Changes in viewing angles resulted in altered body alignment and increased amplitude of COG displacement. No significant changes in postural stability were observed when both gaze and viewing angles were altered. Results suggest that both the gaze angle and viewing perspective may be essential variables of the visuomotor system modulating postural responses.

Abstract: Two main components of Procrustes Shape Analysis (PSA) are adopted and adapted specifically to address gait recognition under small viewing angle change: 1) Procrustes Mean Shape (PMS) for gait signature description; 2) Procrustes Distance (PD) for similarity measurement. Pairwise Shape Configuration (PSC) is proposed as a shape descriptor in place of existing Centroid Shape Configuration (CSC) in conventional PSA. PSC can better tolerate shape change caused by viewing angle change than CSC. Small variation of viewing angle makes large impact only on global gait appearance. Without major impact on local spatio-temporal motion, PSC which effectively embeds local shape information can generate robust view-invariant gait feature. To enhance gait recognition performance, a novel boundary re-sampling process is proposed. It provides only necessary re-sampled points to PSC description. In the meantime, it efficiently solves problems of boundary point correspondence, boundary normalization and boundary smoothness. This re-sampling process adopts prior knowledge of body pose structure. Comprehensive experiment is carried out on the CASIA gait database. The proposed method is shown to significantly improve performance of gait recognition under small viewing angle change without additional requirements of supervised learning, known viewing angle and multi-camera system, when compared with other methods in literatures.

Abstract: A transflective polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal display (BP-LCD) using an etched in-plane switching (IPS) structure is proposed. To balance the optical phase retardation between the transmissive (T) - and reflective (R) -regions, IPS electrodes are formed with the same dimensions in both T- and R-regions, and the substrate between the electrodes is etched for generating double-penetrating fringe fields only in the T -region . This display exhibits a reasonably wide viewing angle and well-matched voltage dependent transmittance and reflectance curves.

Abstract: With high-resolution infrared data becoming available that can probe the formation of high-mass stellar clusters for the first time, models that make testable predictions of these objects are necessary. We utilize a three-dimensional radiative transfer code, including a hierarchically clumped medium, to study the earliest stages of super star cluster evolution. We explore a range of parameter space in geometric sequences that mimic the evolution of an embedded super star cluster. The inclusion of a hierarchically clumped medium can make the envelope porous, in accordance with previous models and supporting observational evidence. The infrared luminosity inferred from observations can differ by a factor of two from the true value in the clumpiest envelopes depending on the viewing angle. The infrared spectral energy distribution also varies with viewing angle for clumpy envelopes, creating a range in possible observable infrared colors and magnitudes, silicate feature depths and dust continua. General observable features of cluster evolution differ between envelopes that are relatively opaque or transparent to mid-infrared photons. The [70]-[160] color can be used to determine star formation efficiency; the Spitzer IRAC/MIPS [8.0]-[24] color is able to constrain Rin and Rout values; and the IRAC [3.6]-[5.8] color is sensitive to the fraction of the dust distributed in clumps. Finally, in a comparison of these models to data of ultracompact HII regions, we find good agreement, suggesting that these models are physically relevant, and will provide useful diagnostic ability for datasets of resolved, embedded SSCs with the advent of high-resolution infrared telescopes like JWST.

Abstract: Radio observations of Fanaroff-Riley class II sources often show correlations between the synchrotron emission and the linear-polarimetric distributions. Magnetic position vectors seem to align with the projected emission of both the radio jets and the sources’ edges. Using statistics we study such relation as well as its unknown time evolution via synthetic polarisation maps of model FR II sources formed in 3D-MHD numerical simulations of bipolar, hypersonic and weakly magnetised jets. The magnetic field is initially random with a Kolmogorov power spectrum, everywhere. We investigate the structure and evolution of magnetic fields in the sources as a function of the power of jets and the observational viewing angle. Our synthetic polarisation maps agree with observations, showing B-field vectors which are predominantly aligned with the jet axis, and show that magnetic fields inside sources are shaped by the jets’ backflow. Polarimetry is found to correlate with time, the viewing angle and the jet-to-ambient density contrast. The magnetic structure inside thin elongated sources is more uniform than inside more spherical ones. We see jets increase the magnetic energy in cocoons in proportion to the jet velocity and the cocoon width. Filaments in the synthetic emission maps suggest turbulence develops in evolved sources.