Abstract: For design criteria of displayed images and for the judgment of image quality, it is very important to dispose of a trustful formula for the contrast sensitivity of the human eye. The contrast sensitivity function or CSF depends on a number of conditions. Most important are the luminance and the viewing angle of the object, but surround illumination can also play a role. In the paper a practical formula is given for a standard observer. This formula is derived from a more general physical formula for the contrast sensitivity. In this paper also the effects of orientation angle and surround luminance will be treated. The orientation angle will be incorporated in the formula and a correction factor will be given for the dependence on surround luminance.

Abstract: Novel addressing schemes for controlling electronically addressable displays include a scheme for rear-addressing displays, which allows for in-plane switching of the display material. Other schemes include a rear-addressing scheme which uses a retroreflecting surface to enable greater viewing angle and contrast. Another scheme includes an electrode structure that facilitates manufacture and control of a color display. Another electrode structure facilitates addressing a display using an electrostatic stylus. Methods of using the disclosed electrode structures are also disclosed. Another scheme includes devices combining display materials with silicon transistor addressing structures.

Abstract: Novel addressing schemes for controlling electronically addressable displays include a scheme for rear-addressing displays, which allows for in-plane switching of the display material. Other schemes include a rear-addressing scheme which uses a retroreflecting surface to enable greater viewing angle and contrast. Another scheme includes an electrode structure that facilitates manufacture and control of a color display. Another electrode structure facilitates addressing a display using an electrostatic stylus. Methods of using the disclosed electrode structures are also disclosed. Another scheme includes devices combining display materials with silicon transistor addressing structures.

Abstract: We propose an enhanced three-dimensional (3D) integral imaging system using multiple display devices. Experimental results with double devices prove the improvement in the image depth for a given image quality. We present experiments on an enhanced 3D integral imaging system using double display devices, in which two 3D subimages that cover different depth ranges are separately generated in each device, and then they are combined with a beam splitter to reconstruct the whole 3D image with an enhanced depth of view. In a similar manner, the double-device system can also be used to obtain a wider viewing angle by combining two images with different viewing angle ranges. We discuss the possibility of 3D integral imaging systems using multiple display devices as extensions of the system with double display devices.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a display system for effectively displaying a wide viewing angle image with a simple configuration. SOLUTION: Image data represented in such a manner as to enclose and surround a user are displayed in a manner such that the image data are divided among a plurality of display apparatuses 30a, 30b, 30c, 30d and 30e that surround the user 20. A display control apparatus 100 acquires information indicative of positions of the respective display apparatuses 30 from position sensors 32, generates images that must be seen in the direction from the user and causes each of the display apparatuses 30 to display the generated images. COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Abstract: An ultrahigh-definition video system is considered to be a prospective candidate for future broadcasting services providing a high sensation of reality. This paper will discuss the design considerations in the construction of an experimental ultrahigh-definition video system with 4000 scanning lines. The scanning parameters were determined based on the relationship between the sensation of reality and the viewing angle. The camera system was developed based on the four-CCD (charge-coupled device) image-acquisition technology: two 2.5-in. 8M-pixel CCDs are used for green, and one each for red and blue. The four-CCD beamsplitting system incorporates two-dimensional pixel offset to form a Bayer color-sampling pattern with the CCDs. A 4000-scanning-line display system was also developed. It is similar to the imaging system, which uses four 8M-pixel LCDs to realize a 4000-scanning-line system, one each for red and blue, and two for green with diagonal pixel offset. The viewing angle is more than 100° horizontally, at a standard viewing position of 3 m from a 320-in. (7 x 4 m) screen.

Abstract: Gamma ray bursts are often modelled as jet‐like outflows directed towards the observer; the cone angle of the jet is then commonly inferred from the time at which there is a steepening in the power‐law decay of the afterglow. We consider an alternative model in which the jet has a beam pattern where the luminosity per unit solid angle (and perhaps also the initial Lorentz factor) decreases smoothly away from the axis, rather than having a well‐defined cone angle within which the flow is uniform. We show that the break in the afterglow light curve then occurs at a time that depends on the viewing angle. Instead of implying a range of intrinsically different jets — some very narrow, and others with similar power spread over a wider cone — the data on afterglow breaks could be consistent with a standardized jet, viewed from different angles. We discuss the implication of this model for the luminosity function and compare with data. We also discuss some predictions.

Abstract: Page 16 Volume 16 Issue 2 2003 The Spectrum A high performance, light-weight, flexible and durable electronic paper/display with low power consumption and affordable cost has been pursued for years to replace paper or book. Bistable electrophoretic display (EPD) based on electrophoresis of charged pigment particles in a dielectric solvent was introduced in the early 1970s. It has received extraordinarily attention in the past decade because of its outstanding properties in bistability, power consumption, viewing angle, and reflective contrast ratio. However, until now, no EPD technology in the prior art is capable of delivering all the features and cost structure required to achieve any significant business success. In this paper, electronic paper manufactured by a rollto-roll process based on novel Microcup and top-sealing technologies will be discussed. Rolls of ultra thin, ultra light, and flexible EPDs with format flexibility, excellent physicomechanical properties and wide viewing angle have been produced on a continuous plastic web at high speed and low cost.

Abstract: A reflective display (10) having a plurality of approximately hemispherical high refractive index (.eta.1) transparent hemi-beads (14) substantially covering and protruding inwardly from a transparent sheet's (12) inward surface. The transparent sheet, which has an outward viewing surface (17), has a refractive index (.eta.2) which can be low (i.e. .eta.1.apprxeq.1.92 and .eta.2.apprxeq.1.59). A member is selectably moved into an intense evanescent wave region at the hemi-beads' inward side to selectably frustrate substantial total internal reflection of light rays. The member can be a plurality of light scattering particles (26) suspended in a low refractive index (.eta.3.apprxeq.1.27) electrophoresis medium (20) and electrophoretically moved into or out of the intense evanescent wave region.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device include: first and second substrates, the first and second substrates having a plurality of pixels divided into at least two domains; a liquid crystal layer between the first and the second substrates, the liquid crystal layer having a different alignment direction in each domain; and first and second compensation films on outer surfaces of the first and second substrates, the first and second compensation films having a negative refractive anisotropy and having a triangle pattern.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical compensation film for improves viewing angle of twisted nematic liquid crystal display, especially in the vertical viewing direction. The said optical compensation film contains a positively birefringent material oriented with its optic axis tilted in a plane perpendicular to the film plane, wherein the phase retardation value defined by (ne-no)d is 100±20 nm at the wavelength of 550 nm and the average tilt angle relative to the film plane is 10±5°, where ne and no are the extraordinary and ordinary refractive indices, respectively, and d, the thickness of the birefringent material.

Abstract: A network which includes electromagnetic components, such as a wireless communications system, is designed, optimized, modified and/or saved or exported to another applications program using a graphical interface. A display may present a graphical rendering of performance characteristics in a site specific manner showing elements such as walls, doors, windows, furniture, people, foliage, and terrain. The locations where performance characteristic information are presented can be automatically selected and adjusted to present more or less information. The display can be viewed at multiple perspectives, and the viewing angle can be adjusted. In one embodiment, the display can graphically present information related to two different performance characteristics. An infrastructure wiring diagram can be generated for analysis or for exportation to other applications using the system, wherein after components are positioned and connected within the context of a site map, the site map itself is eliminated or significantly reduced in prominence.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention provides a pen-based computing system. The system comprises a tablet unit including a display screen and an electronic assembly housed within an enclosure; and a separate base unit including two panels connected via a hinge, a first one of the panels bearing a keyboard, and a second one of the panels being arcuately displaceable relative to the first panel to prop the tablet unit in a viewing position in which the display screen makes a viewing angle with the keyboard of greater than 90 degrees, wherein the tablet unit and the first panel have complementary formations to prevent sliding movement of the tablet unit relative to the first panel when in the viewing position.

Abstract: The intermediate image of an image on an LCD module (142) is deflected by reflection mirrors (M1, M2) via a zoom/auto-focus control system (g), and is formed on diffusion glass (131) via a relay lens (b) and the reflection mirrors (M3, M4) A light flux diffused to about ±20° by the diffusion glass (131) projects an LCD image on the retina of an eyeball via eyepieces (132) One surface of the lens (1), closest to a crystalline lens (2), of the eyepieces (132) has an aspherical shape consisting of a conic surface, with the conic coefficient thereof set to be smaller than -1 Accordingly, an optical system having a viewing angle of at least 60° and a very small aberration is obtained

Abstract: A security article includes a light transmissive substrate having a first surface and an opposing second surface, with the first surface having an embossed region with an optical diffraction pattern or a holographic image pattern. A color shifting optical coating is formed on the substrate such as on the opposing second surface, with the optical coating providing an observable color shift as the angle of incident light or viewing angle changes. The security article can be used in a variety of applications and products to provide for enhanced security measures such as anticounterfeiting.

Abstract: A 2D/3D switching type liquid crystal display device includes: (i) display liquid crystal panel ( 10 ) for generating an image in accordance with input image data; (ii) patterned retardation plate ( 20 ) for rendering a certain viewing angle to a display image during 3D display, so as to provide a 3D effect; and (iii) a switching liquid crystal panel ( 30 ) for switching 2D display and 3D display by activating and deactivating the effect of the parallax barrier means. The patterned retardation plate ( 20 ) and the switching liquid crystal panel ( 30 ) respectively have wider active areas than an active area of the display image generating means. With this, the 2D/3D switching liquid crystal display device allows for a viewing angle in 2D as wide as a viewing angle of 2D-only display.

Abstract: For a better optimization of the transflective AM-LCD, a new technology with extra free parameters is inevitable. Our novel transflective AM-LCD with in-cell patterned retarder enables us to optimize further, resulting in a good brightness, contrast ratio, viewing angle and low chromaticity for reflection and transmission at the same time.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reflector having a light-diffusing property which suppresses inter-object reflection over a wide angle, and giving particularly high reflectance in an intended range of viewing angle; and to provide a reflection type liquid crystal display device using the same. The reflector includes a plurality of light-reflective concave portions. Each of the concave portions is formed so that an inclination angle (an angle between a plane tangential to a point on a concave surface and the surface of the base material) is maximum on a side portion of the curved surface, and so that the direction of the side portion having the maximum inclination angle is on a far side from a view point of an observer. Moreover, the reflector includes many concave portions formed on a reflector surface, an inner surface of each of the concave portions including a peripheral curved surface and a bottom curved surface that are continuously connected to each other, the peripheral curved surface being a part of a first sphere having a first radius, the bottom curved surface being a part of a second sphere having a second radius different from the first radius, and the bottom curved surface being located within the peripheral curved surface, wherein the first radius is smaller than the second radius, and a normal line extending from a center of the first sphere to the reflector surface and a normal line extending from a center of the second sphere to the reflector surface are not collinear. Further, the reflection type liquid crystal display device is provided with the reflector.

Abstract: System and methods are disclosed for improving the off-normal axis viewing angle by applying different filters if one colored sub-pixel data is driven close to 100% luminance while other colored sub-pixel data is driven close to 50% luminance values. Systems and methods for adjusting the viewing characteristics of the display system are also disclosed.

Abstract: A wide-viewing integral three-dimesional (3D) imaging system that adopts orthogonal polarization switching is proposed and demonstrated. In our scheme,the polarizing sheet attached to the lens array and the orthogonal polarization switching of the elemental image array perform elemental lens switching. The experimental results document that the viewing angle becomes remarkably wider than that of the conventional method. The distinguishing feature of our system is that it requires no mechanical moving part. In addition, because a commercially available polarization shutter screen is used for electrical switching, it is easy to implement this as a practical system. We believe that the proposed method facilitates the practical use of this wide-viewing integral 3D imaging system.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a picture processing method and a liquid crystal display device using it in which a angle of view is widened and which are excellent in gradation and viewing angle characteristics as to a picture processing method which raises the picture quality of pictures to be display on a display device and a liquid crystal display device using it. SOLUTION: In this picture processing method, a high luminance pixel 1a which is driven so as to become higher luminance than the luminance data of a picture to be displayed and a low luminance pixel 1b which is driven so as to become a lower luminance than the luminance data are combined and the luminance of the high luminance pixels 1a and the luminance of the low luminance pixels 1b and the area ratio of high luminance pixels 1a and low luminance pixels 1b are determined so that luminance roughly identical to a desired luminance based on the luminance data can be obtained. COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a liquid crystal display device which realizes a bright display with a wide viewing angle in both transmissive display and reflective display. SOLUTION: The liquid crystal display device is equipped with a transmissive display region T and a reflective display region R and comprises a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy, of which the initial alignment state assumes vertical alignment. In the liquid crystal display device, slit shaped opening parts 94 and protruding parts 37 to control alignment of liquid crystal molecules are formed on electrodes 9, 31 to drive the liquid crystal and furthermore an insulating film 26 to construct liquid crystal layer thickness of the transmissive display region T larger than that of the reflective display region R is formed between a substrate 10A and the liquid crystal layer 50. The insulating film 26 is provided with inclined surfaces 26a for the purpose of continuously varying its own layer thickness in the vicinity of boundaries between the transmissive display regions T and the reflective display regions R, wherein a longitudinal direction of the inclined surfaces 26a and those of the opening parts 94 and the protruding parts 37 are disposed so as to two-dimensionally mutually intersect. COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Abstract: Active-matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs) are light-modulating devices that generate images by differentially transmitting a nearly uniform luminous field provided by a backlight. While emissive displays exhibit a quasi-Lambertian emission with almost constant contrast at off-normal viewing, the anisotropy of the electro-optic effect that controls light transmission in AMLCDs causes a pixel luminance that varies, sometimes strongly, with viewing angle. These variations are not identical for all gray levels and can eventually cause grayscale inversions. In this paper, we measured the luminance emission of a monochrome medical AMLCD, a medical cathode-ray tube monitor, and a color desktop AMLCD, using a collimated photopic probe positioned on a manual rotation arm, and a research radiometer with automatic readout. The probe measures luminance with a small acceptance angle and provides optical shielding from emissions at other viewing directions that contaminate the readings. We obtained luminance response curves versus angle in the vertical, horizontal and at 45 degrees diagonal directions. The display systems were calibrated to reflect the DICOM Part 3.14 standard grayscale display function (GDF) when measured using the manufacturer's probe and software tools. We analyzed the measurements at different viewing directions with respect to their departure from the GDF by computing the normalized contrast (deltaL/L) as a function of the DICOM just-noticeable difference index. Although cathode-ray tubes are known to be quasi-Lambertian emitters, the luminance at normal viewing is higher than the luminance observed at large angles. This decrease in luminance is however proportionally similar for all gray levels, resulting in a relatively flat contrast response for all angles. In addition to being more pronounced, the angular variation in AMLCDs does not follow the same profile at different intensities with the subsequent variation in the achieved display contrast. The changes due to off-normal viewing are substantial at large angles in the horizontal and vertical directions, and much worse in the diagonal viewing directions.

Abstract: Integral three-dimensional (3D) imaging provides full-motion parallax, unlike other conventional stereoscopy-based techniques. To maximize this advantage, a 3D system with a wide view along all directions is required. We propose and demonstrate a new integral imaging (InIm) method to enhance the viewing angle along both horizontal and vertical directions. Elemental lens switching is performed by a combination of spatial and time multiplexing by use of double display devices and orthogonal polarizations. Experimental results show that the viewing angle of the system is enhanced along all directions without any mechanical movement or any cross talk between afterimages. We believe that the proposed method has the potential to facilitate practical use of the wide-viewing InIm system.

Abstract: We have designed a novel transflective nematic liquid crystal (LC) cell driven by a fringe field. A homogeneously aligned LC director rotates almost in plane by applying voltage and, thus, the LC cell becomes an excellent dynamic phase retarder. The transflective display associated with this LC cell exhibits a wide-viewing-angle in both reflective and transmissive displays.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical film having matt property and a matted film having a high transmittance which can be used for producing polarizing plates or liquid crystal display device excellent in display brightness and display quality by using the aforesaid films adjusted in a specific surface roughness or by using a specific two kinds of fine particles in a hard coat layer of the films. The present invention relates also to a polarizing plate of a high transmittance having an optical compensative capacity and matt property. A liquid crystal display device and a color liquid crystal display device using the aforesaid polarizing plate possessing an excellent viewing angle characteristics and is improved in Newton ring caused by contact with a light-tuning film and in non-uniformity in brightness due to the light-tuning film.

Abstract: Novel structural configurations of a TFT-LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) which results in both fast response to input data and provides wide-viewing-angles. The structure of the device is comprised of one pixel electrode layer (25) and two common electrode layers (21, 23). The structure of the invention can be used with liquid crystal display television (LCD-TV) monitors that require both fast-response as well as wide-viewing-angle. In addition, other liquid crystal technologies which require high speed response would benefit from the TFT-LCD of the present invention.

Abstract: — A backlight unit (BLU) that varies the viewing angle from the top to the bottom surface of a transmissive LCD screen has been developed through the design and fabrication of microstructures on a light-guide plate (LGP). An array of taper prisms has been designed and fabricated on the back surface of the LGP, which resulted in the variation of 29° in the angular distribution of the luminance of the backlight from the top sector to the bottom sector of its surface. This characteristic is employed to modulate the viewing angle of the LCD from the top of the screen to the bottom of the screen for special applications.

Abstract: A big screen display suitable for moving image displaying that has an excellent viewing angle property, an excellent reliability and a productivity, and a quick speed of response, and has a bright and excellent contrast is realized at low cost. Vertically aligned mode liquid crystal display comprises a scan wiring, a video signal wiring, a pixel electrode, an alignment directional control electrode, and a thin film transistor element formed in a position where a scan wiring and a video signal wiring intersect with each other, and a common electrode formed in opposing substrate side. An electric field distribution formed with three electrodes comprising an alignment directional control electrode, and a pixel electrode, and a common electrode formed in an countering substrate side may control motion directions of vertically aligned anisotropic liquid crystal molecules having a negative dielectric constant.