Abstract: We consider a gamma-ray burst (GRB) model based on an anisotropic fireball with an axisymmetric energy distribution of the form (θ) θ-k and allow for the observer's viewing direction being at an arbitrary angle θv with respect to the jet axis. This model can reproduce the key features expected from the conventional on-axis uniform jet models, with the novelty being that the achromatic break time in the broadband afterglow light curves corresponds to the epoch during which the relativistic beaming angle is equal to the viewing angle, θv, rather than to the jet half-opening angle, θj. If all the GRB fireballs have such a similar energy distribution form with 1.5 < k 2, then GRBs may be modeled by a quasi-universal beaming configuration and an approximately standard energy reservoir. This conclusion also holds for some other forms of angular energy distributions, such as the Gaussian function.

Abstract: Light redirecting films include a pattern of individual optical elements of well defined shape on the light exit surface of the films for refracting the light entering the entrance surface of the films from a backlight toward a direction normal to the exit surface. The individual optical elements overlap and intersect each other. Also, the orientation, size and/or shape of the optical elements may be tailored to redirect more of the incident light from the backlight within a desired viewing angle.

Abstract: The image display apparatus includes an observation optical system including first and second optical elements which respectively introducing first and second light fluxes from first and second image-forming elements to first and second exit pupils, and a relay optical system. The relay optical system causes third and fourth light fluxes from the second and first image-forming elements to form intermediate images and introducing them to the first and second optical elements. The observation optical system displays images corresponding to the first and second original images in mutually different viewing angle areas by introducing the first and third light fluxes to the first exit pupil through the first optical element, and displays images corresponding to the second and first original images in mutually different viewing angle areas by introducing the second and fourth light fluxes to the second exit pupil through the second optical element.

Abstract: In spite of the many advantages of integral imaging, its narrow viewing angle has been a disadvantage. We propose a method to enhance the viewing angle of integral imaging by opening and shutting each lens in the array (i.e., the elemental lenses) sequentially. We prove our idea by using a mask that has a pattern of an on-off vertical array of apertures. Moving the mask prevents the aliasing of a neighboring lens. Thus image overlap or image flipping is reduced and the viewing angle of the system is increased.

Abstract: We investigate the effect that the structure of GRB jets has on the afterglow light curves for observers located at different viewing angles, $\theta_{obs}$, from the jet symmetry axis. The largest uncertainty in the jet dynamics is the degree of lateral energy transfer. Thus, we use two simple models, that make opposite and extreme assumptions for this point, and calculate the light curves for an external density that is either homogeneous, or decreases as the square of the distance from the source. The Lorentz factor and kinetic energy per unit solid angle are initially taken to be power laws of the angle from the jet axis. We perform a qualitative comparison between the resulting light curves and afterglow observations. This constrains the jet structure, and poses problems for a `universal' jet model, where all GRB jets are assumed to be intrinsically identical, and differ only by our viewing angle, $\theta_{obs}$.

Abstract: A client-server arrangement for camera viewing using digital cameras across a computer network. A camera server controls a motorized gimbal which determines the viewing angles of a set of cameras according to signals from a client computer which is equipped with an eye movement tracking system. Movements of the viewer's eyes result in changes in viewing angle of the remote cameras. A high resolution foveal field of view image centered on the user's point of interest is captured and overlaid on a lower resolution full filed of view image, rendering a combined image having a low resolution peripheral area and a high resolution foveal area, and being significantly reduced in size compared to a full resolution, full field of view image. This combined image is transmitted to the client for display to the user.

Abstract: The viewing zone of a multi-view autostereoscopic display can be shown to be completely determined by four parameters: the width of the screen, the optimal distance of the viewer from the screen, the width over which an image can be seen across the whole screen at this optimal distance (the eye box width), and the number of views. A multi-view display's viewing zone can thus be completely described without reference to the internal implementation of the device. These results can be used to determine what can be seen from any position in front of the display. This paper presents a summary of the equations derived in an earlier paper. These equations allow us to analyze an autostereoscopic display, as specified by the above parameters. We build on this work by using the derived equations to analyze the configurations of the extant models of the Cambridge autostereoscopic display: 10' 8- and 16-view, 25' 28-view, 50' 15-view displays and an experimental 25' 7-view display.

Abstract: Multilayer polymeric films and other optical bodies are provided which is useful in making colored mirrors and polarizers. The films are characterized by a change in color as a function of viewing angle.

Abstract: We propose a new wide-viewing-angle polarizer that has extremely low light leakage in all directions and a large wavelength range. In this paper we discuss the design procedure for this wide-viewing-angle polarizer and its properties, in the interests of achieving high-quality liquid crystal displays (LCDs) with a wide viewing angle and high contrast ratio.

Abstract: By adoption of double-device systems, integral imaging can be enhanced in image depth, viewing angle, or image size. Theoretical analyses are done for the double-image-plane integral imaging systems. Both ray optics analysis and wave optics analysis confirm that the double-device integral imaging systems can pick up and display images at two separate image planes. The analysis results are also valuable in the understanding of the conventional integral imaging systems for image positions off the central depth plane.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for driving a liquid crystal display that is capable of improving the viewing angle by converting a gray scale having poor viewing angle characteristics into a gray scale combination having good viewing angle characteristics. A driving method of a liquid crystal display for wide viewing angle of the present invention, time-divides one frame into at least two sub-frames for driving the liquid crystal display such that an arbitrary main grayscale is expressed by the combination of the sub-grayscales expressed at each of at least two sub-frames. Accordingly, the grayscale with poor viewing angle characteristics is time-divided into at least two grayscales with good viewing angle characteristics and the liquid crystal display is driven, thereby improving the viewing angle.

Abstract: A display system for providing a user viewable visible image, includes a view screen for receiving organic laser light and having a diffusing optical element so that the view screen, in response to organic laser light, produces a viewable visible image, wherein the diffusing optical element includes a viewing angle greater than 160° in a first viewing direction and greater than 100° in a second viewing direction orthogonal to the first direction; one or more organic laser light sources arranged in an array with each such laser light source including a vertical cavity design and means for projecting and modulating the intensity of the organic laser light from the array onto the view screen in a pattern to cause a visual image to be produced by the view screen; and means associated with the view screen for reducing speckle in the organic laser light.

Abstract: Fringe-field-switching (FFS) devices using liquid-crystal (LC) with a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibit high transmittance and wide viewing angle simultaneously. Recently, we have developed an Ultra-FFS thin-film-transistor (TFT) LCD using LC with a positive dielectric anisotropy that exhibits high transmittance, is color-shift free, has a high-contrast ratio in a wide range, experiences no crosstalk and has a fast response time of 25 msec. In this paper, the device concept is discussed, and, in addition, the pressure-resistant characteristics of the devices compared with that of the twisted-nematic (TN) LCD is discussed.

Abstract: StereoGraphics Corporation has introduced a new flat-panel autostereoscopic display, the SynthaGram. It produces bright, clear and satisfying three-dimensional images that may be viewed from a substantial angle of view by many observers. A progression of perspective views, like that used by the parallax panoramagram, is created either by computer or photographic means. Each view is sampled at the sub-pixel level and mapped by means of a process called Interzigging. The resultant Interzigged image is a sub-pixel map of spatial information. The map is displayed on a flat panel screen - in the present case a liquid crystal display. A lenticular screen overlays the flat-panel display, but the direction of the lenticule boundaries are angled to the vertical. The technology, we believe, is the basis for electronic autostereoscopic display solutions for many applications.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To overcome difficulties associated with making polarity of a picture signal inputted in a reflection region and that of a picture signal inputted in a transmission region reversed with respect to each other because when a semitransmissive liquid crystal display device is driven with a transverse electric field, the reflection region takes on a normally white mode and the transmission region takes on a normally black mode. SOLUTION: By arranging a half-wave plate 29 between a lower side substrate 11 and a polarizing plate 21a disposed on the lower side substrate side, the semitransmissive liquid crystal display device of which both reflection region 5 and transmission region 6 take on a normally black mode is provided while driving at least the transmission region 6 with the transverse electric field. Consequently the semitransmissive liquid crystal display device with a wide viewing angle is realized. COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Abstract: An anisotropic liquid crystal gel with low operating voltage, high contrast ratio, broad bandwidth, wide viewing angle, and fast response time was demonstrated. In the voltage-off state, the gel is highly transparent. When the gel is activated by an electric field, light scattering occurs for the polarization along the molecular axis. By incorporating a λ/4 film between the gel and a reflector, this reflective device is useful for modulating unpolarized light. Potential applications of such anisotropic gel as a broadband switchable polarizer, reflective display, and transflective display are emphasized.

Abstract: Integral photography (IP) is one of the most attractive methods for autostereoscopic display. We experimentally study an IP system, adopting a commercial liquid-crystal display panel by testing several lens arrays that have different f numbers. The viewing angle in each case is calculated and measured. We show the limitation of the conventional lens array with respect to viewing angle, and suggest the method using an array of small-f-number aspheric Fresnel lenses to avoid aberration for wide viewing angles. The blur noise caused by the array is also discussed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display of transmission type comprises a light source, a polarizing film, a liquid crystal cell and another polarizing film in this order. An optical compensatory sheet is further provided between the liquid crystal cell and thepolarizing film on a light source side or between the liquid crystal cell and the polarizing film on a display side. The optical compensatory sheet comprises a transparent support and an optically anisotropic layer. The optically anisotropic layercontains a discotic compound having a discotic plane. The discotic plane is inclined from a surface of the support surface at an angle. The angle varies along a direction of depth of the optically anisotropic layer. The liquid crystal display has adifference in chromaticity (ΔCuv) of 0.05 or less. The difference is measured between an image seen frontally and an image seen rightward or leftward at a viewing angle of 60°.

Abstract: The main subjects of the paper are the methodology of characterizing liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and the properties of a three-million-pixel monochrome display system. The system is characterized by display function and dynamic range as a function of viewing angle, spatial luminance uniformity, flicker, peak-to-peak temporal modulation transfer, spatial modulation transfer function (MTF), spatial noise power spectra, and single-pixel signal-to-noise ratios. The evaluated LCD has image quality that, in most respects, is superior to CRT monitors of comparable addressable pixel matrix. In particular, the LCD has perfect spatial modulation transfer. For the evaluated monochrome display system, the general limitation of liquid crystal display (LCD) drivers to 8-bits of grayscale precision is overcome by spatial as well as temporal modulation techniques. The architecture of the control electronics of the system is presented, and as part of it, the implementation of the modulation techniques. The spatial or a combination of spatial and temporal modulation techniques increases the precision with which luminance levels can be defined to 9.58 or 11.58 bits, respectively. The conformance of the calibrated display with the DICOM Standard Display Function is demonstrated without and with application of the modulation techniques. Excellent conformance is achieved for the combination of spatial and temporal modulation.

Abstract: The integral photography which is also called integral imaging (II) is an attractive autostereoscopic display method for its many advantages such as continuous viewpoints and no need for any viewing aids. In spite of many advantages of II, the narrow viewing angle has been a bottleneck of it. In this paper, we propose a method to enhance the viewing angle of II by opening and shutting the elemental lenses sequentially. We prove our idea by using a mask that has patterns of on/off. It has vertical or horizontal apertures in an array form, whose interval matches that of the lenses in the II. Both theoretical discussion and experimental result are presented.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Abstract: Organic microcavity light-emitting diodes typically exhibit a blueshift of the emitting wavelength with increasing viewing angle. We have modeled the shift of the resonance wavelength for several metal mirrors. Eight metals (Al, Ag, Cr, Ti, Au, Ni, Pt, and Cu) have been considered as top or bottom mirrors, depending on their work functions. The model fully takes into account the dependence of the phase change that occurs on reflection on angle and wavelength for both s and p polarization, as well as on dispersion in the organic layers. Different contributions to the emission wavelength shift are discussed. The influence of the thickness of the bottom mirror and of the choice and thickness of the organic materials inside the cavity has been investigated. Based on the results obtained, guidelines for a choice of materials to reduce blueshift are given.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display and a driving method thereof. The liquid crystal display includes a timing controller, a gate driver, a data driver and a liquid crystal panel. The timing controller stores a plurality of sets of gray level correction values, each set of gray level correction values corresponding to each gray level and generates corrected gray level data in response to input gray level data, the corrected gray level data reflecting the gray level correction values corresponding to the input of gray level data. The brightness of the corrected gray level data is time-averaged to be equal to brightness of the input gray level data.

Abstract: We propose a method to implement a speckle-reduced coherent three-dimensional (3D) display system by a combination of integral imaging and photorefractive volume holographic storage. The 3D real object is imaged through the microlens array and stored in the photorefractive crystal. During the reconstruction process a phase conjugate reading beam is used to minimize aberration, and a rotating diffuser located on the imaging plane of the lens array is employed to reduce the speckle noise. The speckle-reduced 3D image with a wide viewing angle can be reconstructed by use of the proposed system. Experimental results are presented and optical parameters of the proposed system are discussed in detail.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a liquid crystal display device which can obtain a display which is bright, high in contrast and is wide in viewing angle in a transflective liquid crystal display device. SOLUTION: The liquid crystal display device holds a liquid crystal layer 50 between a pair of substrates 10, 25 and is provided with a transmission display region T and a reflection display region R in one dot region D1. Therein, the liquid crystal layer 50 comprises a liquid crystal of negative dielectric anisotropy which presents vertical alignment in the initial alignment state and, on the liquid crystal layer 50 side of a pair of the substrates 10, 25, electrodes 9, 31 for driving the liquid crystal are disposed. Further it is constituted so that, with respect to the electrodes 9, 31, opening parts 41, 42 and protruded parts 43, 44 are disposed respectively on the transmission display region T and the reflection display region R in such a manner that opening areas of the opening parts 41, 42 and occupied areas of the protruded parts 43, 44 in the substrate flat surface direction are larger on the reflection display region R than on the transmission display region T. COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a new configuration of a display arrangement having a display part and a display switching part, in which decrease in the display quality such as decrease in the contrast, coloring, narrowing of the viewing angle and blurring due to the presence of the display switching part can be suppressed. SOLUTION: The display arrangement 100 has the display part 110 and the display switching part 120. The display switching part 120 includes, from the display part 110 to the observation side, a reflective polarizer 121, a liquid crystal panel 122 and a polarizer 123. The display switching part can be switched into either a light transmitting state or a light reflecting state by controlling the liquid crystal panel 122. The display part 110 and the display switching part 120 are optically adhered with an adhesive layer 131, which can suppress decrease in the contrast due to the interfacial reflection and improve flatness and rigidity of the apparatus. COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Abstract: Disclosed is a polarizer package comprising an integrated combination of an absorbing layer and a compensator. Two of the identical polarizer packages can be crossed and used in a transmissive optical device. This polarizer package can also be used in combination with a reflective plate and a quarter wave plate in a reflective optical device. Such polarizer packages exhibit an improved viewing angle characteristic across all wavelengths of interest, has a large tolerance for compensators to be aligned relative to their preferred directions, and can be used within an LCD or emissive display system.

Abstract: Integral imaging (II) is one of the promising techniques in the field of autostereoscopic three-dimensional display. Despite of its many advantages, the narrow viewing angle has been a drawback. We propose a technique that enhances the viewing angle of II by resizing the elemental images taken by the pickup process and switching the elemental lenses in the display process. We explain the principle of the proposed technique, analyze the effect on the resolution of the integrated image, and show the experimental results.

Abstract: A client-server arrangement for camera viewing using digital cameras across a computer network. A camera server controls a motorized gimbal which determines the viewing angle of a camera, according to signals from a client computer which is equipped with an eye movement tracking system. Movements of the viewer's eyes result in changes in viewing angle of the remote cameras. The original full-resolution image is divided into a foveal area and a peripheral area. Subsequently, if a change in the peripheral area of a field of view is detected relative to the most recently displayed image, the viewing angle of the cameras is changed to center on the detected change, and an image is captured of this anticipated future field of view. When the viewer eventually changes his or her point of interest to the area of detected change, the pre-captured image is transmitted immediately for viewing.

Abstract: Polarization characteristics of thermal radiation emitted from surfaces are investigated within the geometrical optics approximation. Analytical results are presented for photons emitted without subsequent reflection from surfaces having sawtooth corrugations with different slope distributions. Analytical results are used to validate a Monte Carlo simulation designed to determine and quantify the effects of multiple reflection of emitted photons from surface structures and, in addition, to treat two-dimensional surfaces. Results are shown that illustrate the dependence of the degree of polarization on the relative orientation of the viewing angle with respect to the corrugations. Simulations of emission from structured and random two-dimensional surfaces show that, whilst the total emission can saturate, the degree of polarization decreases with increasing roughness of the surface morphology. The prospect for manipulating surfaces to have specific polarization signatures is discussed.