Abstract: A security article (10) includes a light transmissive substrate (12) having a first surface and an opposing second surface, with the first surface having an optical interference pattern (14) such as a holographic image pattern or an optical diffraction pattern thereon. A color shifting optical coating (16) is formed on the substrate such as on the interference pattern or on the opposing second surface of the substrate, with the optical coating providing an observable color shift as the angle of incident light or viewing angle changes. Various processes can be utilized to form the security article (10), such as vacuum coating processes, lamination, laser scribing, and laser imaging. The security article (10) can be affixed to a variety of objects through various attachment mechanisms, such as pressure sensitive adhesives or hot stamping processes, to provide for enhanced security measures such as anticounterfeiting.

Abstract: A security article includes a light transmissive substrate having a first surface and an opposing second surface, with the first surface having an embossed region with an optical diffraction pattern or a holographic image pattern. A color shifting optical coating is formed on the substrate such as on the opposing second surface, with the optical coating providing an observable color shift as the angle of incident light or viewing angle changes. The security article can be used in a variety of applications and products to provide for enhanced security measures such as anticounterfeiting.

Abstract: A recently developed new liquid crystal display, which operates in the fringe-field switching mode, is known to exhibit high transmittance as well as a wide viewing angle unlike the conventional in-plane switching (IPS) mode display. The device shows unique electro-optic behavior, nevertheless the liquid crystal director rotates almost in-plane as in the IPS mode. We found that light efficiency decreases as the rubbing angle with respect to the horizontal component of the fringe field decreases for a liquid crystal with positive dielectric anisotropy, whereas this is not observed for a device driven by the in-plane field. In this paper, the switching mechanism and voltage-dependent transmittance characteristics with respect to rubbing directions have been investigated.

Abstract: A pixel structure of an active matrix full-color OLED display device and its manufacturing method are provided. The pixel structure of the display device comprises two thin film transistors, a storage capacitor, a color filter, and an OLED device structure constructed on a top surface of a substrate, a black matrix region outside the color filter region and under the thin film transistors. In this pixel, structure of the OLED display device, the OLED device structure and the color filter are integrated in a thin-film-transistor array. This simplifies the process, reduces the leakage of light and increases the contrast of the display device. A white OEL device is used to emit light. A light then passes a color filter to get red, green or blue color of light. Therefore, a full-color OLED is formed. A poly-silicon thin film transistor is used to provide current to the OLED device structure and served as an active drive device. The advantages of the display device include simple fabrication process, high-resolution, high lighting efficiency and wide viewing angle.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is described for providing a consistent visual appearance of pixels of a display screen with respect to a viewing position. Variations between perceived pixel level values associated with the pixels and corresponding pixel level values may be compensated for. Variations are associated with a viewing angle between pixel location and the viewing position and compensated for by applying a respective different correction factor to each of the corresponding pixel level values based on a respective viewing angle. Accordingly different non-linear correction curves corresponding to locations may be established relating a range of pixel level values to a corresponding range of corrected pixel level values associated with the viewing position. A calibration pattern may be further be displayed and user inputs associated with locations received responsive to calibration pattern. Viewing position and non-linear correction curves may thereby be established for locations relative to the viewing position and based on user inputs. User inputs are stored with an association to a user identity. A user input is processed to obtain user identity and stored user inputs and viewing position and non-linear correction curves established based on the user inputs. Change is detected in a relative orientation between a display orientation and the viewing position and a second respective different correction factor applied to each corresponding pixel level value based on the change. Second different non-linear correction curves are established relating pixel level values to corrected values associated with relative orientations. Interpolation or an analytical function is applied to arrive at corrected pixel values. To detect changes, one or more sensors are read. A viewing position sensor senses the position of a remote device coupled to the viewer. The viewer feature tracking sensor includes a camera and means for analyzing an image for features associated with the viewer.

Abstract: A multi-domain liquid crystal display device having sharp contrast and excellent viewing angle characteristics is provided without increased complicated processes such as microfabrication for a common electrode or without the necessity for highly sophisticated laminating technology. The multi-domain liquid crystal display device is composed of a control electrode connected to a source terminal being one of terminals of a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) serving as a switching device, a picture electrode having an aperture section provided with one coupling capacitor connected between the pixel electrode and the control electrode, wherein a partial voltage of a signal voltage is applied to the pixel electrode through the other coupling capacitor.

Abstract: Microcavities for organic light-emitting devices (OLED’s) with a metal mirror on one side and a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) on the other side have been extensively studied in the literature. Usually the DBR is highly reflective, and the resulting emission of the microcavity depends strongly on angle and wavelength. With a thick metal mirror on one side and a semi-transparent metal mirror on the other side of the OLED, a microcavity can be obtained with an optical thickness of 1 half-wavelength. Because the emission is enhanced over a wide solid angle, with a small spectral dependence, this structure is very promising for display applications. For a TPD/ALq3 structure with a typical intrinsic emission spectrum, embedded in a microcavity with a thick and a semitransparent silver mirror, the integrated emission in air, the color variation with angle, and the change in the decay time are compared with those in a DBR-based microcavity.

Abstract: There are a variety of phenomena which may impact the accuracy of wide-band thermochromic liquid crystal temperature measurements, including: irregularities in liquid crystal and black paint layers, reflective components from light sources, and variations in the lighting/viewing angle across the surface. A wide-band calibration technique has been developed which inherently accounts for these and other sources of uncertainty by employing a point-wise calibration of the entire test surface. Both on and off-axis lighting arrangements are assessed for ease of implementation and accuracy of color displayed under uniform temperature conditions. The technique employs a series of uniform-temperature images to construct calibration curves relating the local hue component to temperature in a point-wise manner for the entire test surface. An off-axis lighting/viewing arrangement is found to be most practical for typical experimental setups. Hysteresis effects are quantified for excursions beyond both the lower and upper clearing point of the liquid crystals. Finally, the total uncertainty of the measured temperature is determined to vary from ±1.2% to ±7.2% across the bandwidth of the liquid crystals.

Abstract: Plasma display panel (PDP) structure has been investigated to develop a 21-in-diagonal color plasma display with a high-resolution of 0.22-mm subpixel pitch. To realize a high-resolution display, a stripe alignment of three primary color elements such as red, blue, and green, was introduced. Four kinds of panel structures are compared and finally stripe rib and stripe phosphor structures were introduced for the three electrode surface discharge plasma display. The 21-in-plasma display developed with the structure has firstly been put into the market with sufficient performance, such as a wide operating voltage margin, a high luminance, and a wide viewing angle of more than 60 V, 200 cd/m/sup 2/, and 160/spl deg/, respectively.

Abstract: This is a system and method by which the light from a light source on a selectively attached portable expansion device, such as a PCMCIA card, is more visible to a user. It is accomplished by using a light transfer medium, such as transparent plastic, in the plug of a media cable. The light transfer medium is molded in such a way to continue the path of light from the connector interface into the plug of the media cable. Inside the plug the light reflects off of a molded reflector in an upward and outward direction. The light can then be viewed through a transparent opening or viewing window, which may be bubbled or rounded to increase the overall viewing angle. Thus, it is an overall object of the present invention to provide an electrical connector that has a low physical profile but a high optical profile and is particularly useful in devices and peripherals implemented in reduced-size form factors, such as PC cards, compact flash cards or other removable media.

Abstract: Disclosed is a rear projection screen that includes a plurality of tapered waveguides and a light absorbing layer disposed over the tops of the waveguides, but that does not completely fill the spaces between the waveguides, thereby forming an interstitial low index region under the light absorbing layer and between the waveguides. The low index interstitial region can include air or a material that has a lower index of refraction than the waveguide material. This rear projection screen construction can give rise to increased efficiency and higher contrast, as well as allow for more design freedom in constructing screens that have desired characteristics such as viewing angle, viewing asymmetry, and the like. Also disclosed are methods for making the described microstructured rear projection screen.

Abstract: It is well known that uncompensated in-plane switching (IPS) liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have much better viewing angle than conventional twisted-nematic (TN) LCDs. However, to achieve optimal viewing angle performance in these devices, they must be compensated by one or more films. In this paper, we will study the optimization of such compensation. We will show the benefit of using polarizers which do not have a birefringent substrate. We will also show the effect of which side of the LCD the compensation films are placed. Finally, we will investigate the surprising effect of the pretilt angle on the viewing angle of the compensated IPS LCD.

Abstract: Liquid crystal display (LCD) has sub-pixel domains in each of pixels to obtain a wide viewing angle. The sub-pixel domains are formed by divided orientation alignment in which the sub-pixel domain are subjected to rubbing in different directions opposite to each other. The liquid crystal has a splay-type TN deformation structure in the first sub-pixel domain and a normal TN deformation structure in the second sub-pixel domain. The pre-tilt angles of the liquid crystal in the first domain and second domain are selected to obtain a wide viewing angle. The LCD has a shield pattern for for shielding disclination causing afterimages and storage capacitor electrodes having a function as a signal lines.

Abstract: We propose a novel wide-view polarizer with extremely low light leakage in all directions. This wide-view polarizer has advantage of high achromaticity. By applying this polarizer to the IPS mode and the R-OCB mode, we have confirmed to obtain excellent wide viewing angle in its black state.

Abstract: A fiber optic display sign has an optical system with enhanced light efficiency so that the display system is suitable for outdoor use. A number of fiber optics have light receiving ends arranged in a compact bundle for receiving an image from an image generator, the fiber optics coupling the image to the output ends thereof for display. An array of lenses is positioned adjacent the output ends of the fiber optics for directing or aiming the light from the fiber optics to control the viewing angle of the image displayed. The array of lenses may be fixed with respect to the output ends of the fiber optics or the lens array may be movable with respect thereto so as to vary the viewing angle. The image generator employs a light source formed of a densely packed array of white light emitting diodes to provide enhanced brightness. The image generator includes a number of image bearing transparencies mounted on a movable support that is controlled to position a selected transparency between the light source and the light receiving ends of the fiber optics for display. The viewing angle and/or the image displayed is automatically controlled and/or remotely controlled.

Abstract: A novel direct-viewing display using illumination from guided light is proposed. By analyzing usual normally scattering PDLC, we found that use of high-speed alignment-controlled PDLC combined with a field-sequential color technique is promising for full-color moving-picture displays. Moreover, introducing a holographic structure improves the contrast and viewing angle characteristics.

Abstract: A multi-domain homeotropic aligned liquid crystal display has cruciform bump structures formed around pixel electrodes. The cruciform bump structures are fabricated on a substrate of a color filter or a thin film transistor. The bump structures orient liquid crystal molecules with a pre-tilted angle which results in the alignment of liquid crystal molecules to form four-domain textures after a voltage is applied. A standard photo-lithographic process or a back side exposure method is used to manufacture the bump structures. The back side exposure method has the advantages of being simple and clean. It avoids electric static damage and particle pollution. The liquid crystal panel provides an extremely wide viewing angle of more than 140°, a high contrast ratio of more than 700, and fast response of less than 30 ms. The light intensity of the liquid crystal mode can reach up to 55% of that of a conventional 90°-twisted nematic LCD, and is 20% higher than that of a conventional vertically aligned wide-viewing angle LCD.

Abstract: We propose a 3D video displaying technique that multiple viewers can observe 3D images from 360 degrees of arc horizontally without 3D glasses. This technique uses a cylindrical parallax barrier and 1D light source array. We have developed an experimental display using this technique and have demonstrated 3D images observable form 360 degrees of arc horizontally without 3D glasses. Since this technique is based on the parallax panoramagram, the parallax number and resolution are limited by the diffraction at the parallax barrier. To avoid these limits, we improved the technique by revolving the parallax barrier. We have been developing a new experimental display using this improved technique. The display is capable of displaying cylindrical 3D video images within the diameter of 100 mm and the height of 128 mm. Images are described with the resolution of 1254 pixels circularly and 128 pixels vertically, and refreshed at 30Hz. Each pixel has the viewing angle of 60 degrees and that is divided into 70 views, therefore the angular parallax interval of each pixel is less than 1 degree. In such a case, observers may barely perceive parallax discretely. The pixels are arranged on a cylinder surface, therefore produced 3D images can be observed from all directions.

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To develop an optical retardation film with =ny>nz hold. The product of the difference of its refractive indexes between the two directions arbitrarily selected and the film thickness is =30 deg.C higher than the glass transition temperature of the polymer 1.1-3 times its length in the width direction. Consequently the optical retardation film is obtained which is with low retardation, is excellent in heat resistance and is capable of highly precisely compensating variation of display characteristics due to the viewing angle of the liquid crystal cell.

Abstract: Polymeric materials play an important role in the construction and performance of liquid crystal displays. New functional polymers are developed to improve the displays on brightness, power efficiency and viewing angle performance. Polymer films with a controlled molecular structure and architecture provide new polarization optics to convert non-polarized light into polarized light with higher efficiency than the traditional polarizers based on stretched iodine doped poly(vinyl alcohol). Other films provide a polarization compensation function to maintain an angular invariant net optical retardation of the display device and therewith a better contrast to wider viewing angles. Color generation by non-absorbing methods is believed to improve on the display brightness. Special control of the liquid crystal alignment by photo-sensitive orientation layers, polymer protrusions or photo-formed polymer walls provide multiple director patterns within a single pixel to average out angular LC effects.

Abstract: A 19-inch diagonal UXGA TFT-LCM with a mega wide viewing angle applied with Super-IPS technology has been developed. A high aperture ratio which is the same as that of the current 18.1- inch SXGA LCM under UXGA resolution in the 19-inch diagonal LCM was obtained by optimization of pixel structure and the development of a liquid crystal mixture with low driving voltage. Introducing a compensatory pixel structure solved the problem of non-uniformity of the brightness caused by signal delay. Moreover, the same external dimensions as those of the current 18.1-inch TFT-LCM and thinner package were realized.

Abstract: Fifteen large-area, flat-panel displays used for clinical image review were evaluated for image quality and compared with 30 comparably sized cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors. Measurements were of image display patterns by Video Electronic Standards Association (VESA) and a commercial product. Field measurements were made of maximum and minimum luminance, ambient lighting, characteristic curve (gamma), point shape and size, high-contrast resolution, uniformity, and distortion. Assessments were made of pixel defects, latent image patterns, ghosting artifacts, and viewing angle luminance. Also, a questionnaire was generated for users of the flat-panel and CRT units. Seventeen respondents indicated no preference for either flat panel or CRT. Results show these flat panels to have higher luminance (mean, 177.7 cd/m2); larger number of just noticeable differences (JNDs; n=555), higher gamma, comparable uniformity, and warm-up time. CRTs had less angle viewing dependence and far fewer artifacts (ghosting and latent images). Our questionnaire showed active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD) to be fully acceptable for clinical image viewing. Furthermore, the statistical results show that further testing for new AMLCDs of this type is unwarranted.

Abstract: In an orientation division type liquid crystal display device for widen a viewing angle of a display pixel of an active matrix type liquid crystal color display device having a COT structure, pixel color layers (6B, 6R, 6G) as color filters and pixel electrodes 3 are formed on a substrate on the side of the pixel electrodes and slopes 13 are provided along four side peripheries of each pixel electrode. Liquid crystal molecules 8 between each pixel electrode of the pixel electrode substrate and a common electrode of an opposing substrate are controlled in orientation direction along the slopes to divide it to a plurality of directions to thereby widen a viewing angle of a pixel display. The slope is formed on a step portion 12 formed by a BM layer formed on at least one of a gate electrode, a drain electrode and a source electrode formed in a periphery of the pixel electrode or at least one of a gate wiring and a drain wiring formed in the periphery or a step portion formed by partially overlapping peripheral portions of the adjacent pixel color layers.

Abstract: Sherical cameras are variable-resolution imaging systems and promising devices for autonomous navigation purposes, mainly because of their wide viewing angle which increases the capabilities of vision-based obstacle avoidance schemes. In addition, spherical lenses resemble the primate eye in their projective models and are biologically relevant. However, the calibration of spherical lenses for Computer Vision is a recent research topic and current procedures for pinhole camera calibration are inadequate when applied to spherical lenses. We present a novel method for spherical-lens camera calibration which models the lens radial and tangential distortions and determines the optical center and the angular deviations of the CCD sensor array within a unifid numerical procedure. Contrary to other methods, there is no need for special equipment such as low-power laser beams or non-standard numerical procedures for finding the optical center. Numerical experiments, convergence and robustness analyses are presented.

Abstract: A multi-domain wide viewing angle liquid-crystal display (LCD) has a plurality of superimposed spacing wall-bump structures formed on a pair of parallel substrates. Each superimposed spacing wall-bump (SSWB) structure includes a surrounding wall-bump structure formed around a pixel area on a first substrate and a central wall-bump structure formed in a central portion of the pixel area ore a second substrate. Wall-bumps of many different shapes can be used for the central wall-bump structure. The superimposed spacing wall-bump structure provides pre-tilted angles for liquid crystal molecules and results in orderly alignment of liquid crystal molecules when an external voltage is applied. By means of the fringe field effect to tilt liquid crystal molecules, a multi-domain LCD cell can be established after a voltage is applied. The manufacturing method for the SSWB needs neither rubbing process nor polymer stabilized ultraviolet curing process. The multi-domain wide viewing angle LCD provides fast response speed for its application and higher transmittance than conventional multi-domain wide-viewing angle LCDs.

Abstract: A multi-domain wide viewing angle liquid crystal display (LCD) has a plurality of bump-with-slit structures formed on at least one substrate. Each bump-with-slit structure in a single pixel area includes a plurality of slits formed on the electrodes and a plurality of bumps formed above the slits. It uses the combination of bumps and electrode slits to control the directions of the pre-tilted angles of liquid crystal molecules and to form multiple domains. The capacity storage area is designed and located under the slit of the electrode. Such capacity storage area has the function of covering the disclination lines. The LCD structure decreases the color dispersion of the LCD, increases the response speed and reduces the generation of disclination lines. Moreover, the driving voltage for the LCD is lower and the process window is larger. Because the generation of disclination lines is reduced, the aperture ratio under the black matrix area of the multi-domain wide-viewing angle LCD of the invention is increased by 15% to 20% as compared to the conventional multi-domain LCD.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a first substrate with pixel electrodes, and a second substrate with a common electrode facing the first substrate. The common electrode has depression patterns corresponding to the pixel electrodes. The side wall of each depression pattern is at an angle of 30-120° with respect to the first substrate. The depression patterns of the common electrode are formed through making depression patterns at color filters. In this structure, the liquid crystal display bears wide viewing angle and good picture quality.

Abstract: We have investigated the effects of resonant scattering of emission lines on the image morphology and intensity from coronal loop structures. It has previously been shown that line of sight effects in optically thin line emission can yield loop images that appear uniformly bright at one viewing angle, but show ``looptop sources'' at other viewing angles. For optically thick loops where multiple resonant scattering is important, we use a 3D Monte Carlo radiation transfer code. Our simulations show that the intensity variation across the image is more uniform than the optically thin simulation and, depending on viewing angle, the intensity may be lower or higher than that predicted from optically thin simulations due to scattering out of or into the line of sight.