Abstract: In order to reduce changes in color balance which occur as a function of viewing angle, a 3-color projection TV system having one axial and two off-axis image projectors employs a lenticular image screen having a plurality of vertical lenticules for horizontal light distribution, all of which have the same unique optical profile. This profile is derived by starting with a location-dependent shape appropriate for a location directly in line with an off-axis image projector, in order to obtain an asymmetric profile. The minor portion of the asymmetric profile is then discarded, and replaced by a mirror image of the major portion, thus producing a lenticule profile which is symmetrical but of too coarse a pitch. That oversized profile is then scaled down to the proper pitch, and duplicated all across the breadth of the screen. The resulting screen rotates the peak exit angle of the off-axis colors into a normal angle with the screen, producing a marked reduction in color imbalance as seen from off-axis viewing locations.

Abstract: The effects of pre-tilt angle θ0, cell thickness d and optical anisotropy Δn are theoretically investigated, and the following results are obtained. 1. The pre-tilt angle θ0 considerably affects multiplexability, i.e. threshold sharpness and viewing angle decrease with increase of θ0. 2. Wider viewing angle can be obtained by samller value of Δn(550); d, where Δn(550) represents Δn at wavelength of 550 nm. 3. The condition free from the interference coloration is Δn(550) .d ≥ 1.0 μm. From these results, it is concluded that both θ0 ≃ 0°0 (but θ0 – 0°0) and Δn(550) .d ≃ 1.0 μm are suitable conditions for multiplex-driving.

Abstract: Bias dependences for reflectivity curves were measured in the total reflection range for several liquid crystals, and orientation near the boundary was investigated. Incident angle dependences of the transient response for total reflection ON and OFF switching were measured. Fluorescent dye addition effects for total reflection switching were investigated. Using a mixture of the fluorescent dye (coumarin 6) and MBBA + BBCA, a novel display device for a wide viewing angle has been successfully demonstrated.

Abstract: A new driving technique is disclosed for a liquid crystal display panel for displaying at least two rows of characters and a cursor line while scanning scanning lines of the panel, which technique can decrease the number of scanning lines and increases the above defined voltage margin by scanning the scanning lines each two rows at a time in a line sequential scanning fashion and skipping the scanning of a cursor line electrode in a row where a display of the cursor line is unrequired, thus ensuring good contrast and viewing angle characteristics of the panels.

Abstract: We seek to understand and correct shading artifacts caused by varying solar illumination conditions and different viewing angles in remotely sensed images. A synthetic image simulating the shading effects for the sun angle and viewing angle as a real image, is generated using a terrain reflectance model and digital elevation data. A good correlation is obtained between the real and synthetic images. The artifact correction is then made, and a resulting image shows useful information that is not apparent in the original image. We also present a three-dimensional perspective representation of a terrain with a corresponding aerial photograph mapped on it, which incidentally may help image interpretation.

Abstract: The multi angle driving mirror has an internal servo to alter the angle of the mirror, with the servo controlled by the direction indicators. This enables a driver to view the otherwise dead angle prior to overtaking. The servo operates with a time delay so that it provides a gradual change of viewing angle. It is reset when the direction indicators are cancelled. An inhibit control ensures that the servo only operates when the vehicle is moving above a set speed.

Abstract: The authors have already reported that a DTN-cell (depolarization in a twisted nematic-cell) had several advantages to a matrix display such as a sharp threshold and wide viewing angle. But if the usual amplitude selection method is applied to a large scale matrix display using the DTN-mode, multiplex capability is limited by the cutoff frequency Fc, of a liquid crystal. Therefore, the authors investigated a two frequency addressing method, that is, simultaneous application of a constant low-frequency voltage and a variable high-frequency voltage. In this method, a liquid crystal with lower-Fc can be used. In addition, some advantages of extremely sharp threshold, high contrast and relatively fast response and recovery can be obtained by using a liquid crystal with large negative dielectric anisotropy. These advantages are useful for a large scale matrix display.

Abstract: It is proposed to modify a twisted cell which normally has a twisting angle of approximately 90 DEG and polarisers that are crossed parallel or perpendicularly to one another in the following way: the twisting angle is between 60 DEG and 80 DEG and, in particular, has a size of approximately 70 DEG ; the linear polarisers are situated in the direction of the plate normals parallel or perpendicular to the liquid crystal directors on the respectively adjacent interfaces. The twisted cell can be normal or inverse, that is to say the liquid crystal layer is either orientated in a twisted planar fashion in the off state and homeotropically in the on state, or else oriented homeotropically in the off state and in a twisted planar fashion in the on state. Compared with a conventional twisted cell, in the type of display proposed here the contrast ratio is greater or - in the case of equal contrast - the layer thickness is thinner. A thinner liquid crystal layer signifies simultaneously a larger range of viewing angle and shorter switching times. The proposal for a solution is chiefly applied where a high contrast and/or low operating temperatures are required (example: motor vehicle display).

Abstract: The device has a polariser (5) at the front side and a phase twisted by approximately 90 DEG . The host liquid crystal (6) has a positive dielectric anisotropy. Known display devices of this type are not yet entirely satisfactory with respect to contrast ratio, multiplexability and viewing angle, and also predominantly have a negative display image, i.e. bright numerals on a dark ground. In the display device according to the invention, use is made of a host dye (7, 8) having negative dichroism. As a result, not only is a positive display field achieved, but the abovementioned properties are also substantially improved. A further substantial improvement in the viewing angle is achieved by means of an internal reflector (9).

Abstract: In a novel activating method for a matrix liquid-crystal display or the like, only a single cursor row (3) is activated during the row scanning in connection with the displaying of at least two rows of alphanumeric characters. The two-part row scanning is effected row-sequentially, a cursor row not required being permitted in each case in one row. This makes it possible to reduce the number of rows to be scanned, increase an available voltage of importance to the pixel activation (Figure 2) and obtain as an advantage good contrast and an improvement in the viewing angle characteristic of the activated display device.

Abstract: The characteristics of a guest-host LCD using a phase transition mode (the dichroic LCD) were measured. Being operated without polarizers, it has a wide viewing angle and a high stability to humidity. These advantages, which conventional TN-LCDs don't have are important for automotive instrument panel use. A uniform spacing technology is needed because the threshold voltage depends on a cell gap in the phase transition mode LCD.

Abstract: The system permits the user to see the part of the sight lines located under the compass-card, providing a much greater viewing angle. The compass-card is transparent and the graduations are in a different colour to those parts underneath the compass-card. The viewing angle can be up to 85 deg. Alternatively, the graduated part of the compass-card is a metal ring connected to the central disc by four arms which are non-radial so that they do not conceal those parts of the sight lines which are underneath the compass-card.

Abstract: A positive contrast guest-host type liquid crystal display which is legible when viewed in reflection is described. The display is based on nematic to cholesteric phase change by electric field. The condition showing nematic phase in the voltage-off state is d/P<0.9 in the liquid crystal mixture studied (d: cell thickness, P: helical pitch). A d/P ratio nearly equal to 0.75 has been found a preferable condition in relation to display characteristics. The effect of homeo-tropic alignments with or without pretilt angle on display characteristics is reported. Recently developed nematic liquid crystals with large negative dielectric anisotropy and low viscosity have resulted in reducing driving voltage and response times. Contrast ratio and reliability have also been improved by using stable anthraquinone dyes with higher dichroic ratio. The display obtained is operated with static or 1/2 duty cycle drive at 3 to 4.5V, and has wide viewing angle as well as bright images.

Abstract: The warning light fixed to the top of power transmission pylons has a luminescent tube (8) enclosed by a transparent cylindrical tube (7) A transparent plexiglass or lexan refractor (9) enclosing the cylinder and tube is shaped so the light output is concentrated in an angle of about 30 degrees which is the vertical visibility angle required by aviation authorities The refractor (9) has a section essentially comprising two opposed circular arcs centred along the axis of the luminescent tube, a distance 'd' from the centre of the tube (CO) The distance 'd' depends on the index of refraction of the refractor and the required angle of view For a given light output over the required viewing angle a lower power input is requied, or higher visibility is obtained from a given power input

Abstract: Four major display variables, luminance adaptation level, symbol contrast ratio, symbol visual size and off-axis viewing angle, were related, in a rotatable central composite design, to an observer's ability to identify symbols shown on a large screen display (LSD). The results show the nature and significance of all main effects as well as delineate the important interactions among these variables. The results can be used as an LSD design and evaluation tool permitting tradeoffs to be made among the important features of display equipment, projection screens and viewing facilities. Language: en

Abstract: Complex indices of refraction for water near 25°C were obtained from six references, and the most representative values in the wavelength range of 2000 A to 5 cm were selected. These were used to study the polarized reflectance and emissivity of both specular and wind-roughened surfaces as functions of wavelength and viewing angle. Applications to remote sensing of sea surface temperature and wave state are discussed, including effects of salinity.