TL;DR: The main presentation will limit the main presentation to just four topics, each of which represents one major controversial area of the problem that can be evaluated separately in terms of individual experience; yet, taken together, these four topics include most of the vexing problems of present-day electrocardiography.
Abstract: It is obviously impossible in the limited space available to review historically the many researches that have led to vector electrocardiography, to summarize the numerous theoretical points of view, and to offer a critical evaluation of them, especially if even a tentative answer is to be found to the question: "Is vector cardiography worth while clinically now or will it ever be?" Instead of tackling this impossible assignment, we will limit the main presentation to just four topics. Each of these topics represents one major controversial area of the problem that can be evaluated separately in terms of individual experience; yet, taken together, these four topics include most of the vexing problems of present-day electrocardiography. Beside a few new numbers and theoretical relationships which we have to offer, our contribution to this symposium is primarily that of separating the variables of the problem into packages that are susceptible to individual
TL;DR: Written in clear, crisp, concise language, this book details the simpler and some of the more complex theoretical and practical aspects of electrocardiography.
Abstract: Dr. Goldman, in his fifth edition ofPrinciples of Clinical Electrocardiography, has ably accomplished his objective of presenting the basic concepts of electrocardiography and their clinical application. Written in clear, crisp, concise language, this book details the simpler and some of the more complex theoretical and practical aspects of electrocardiography. For the medical student and house staff physician in particular, as well as practitioners of medicine, the volume will serve as an excellent introductory guide and future reference. The book is profusely illustrated with simplified drawings which permit excellent correlation of electrocardiographic patterns with electrophysiologic principles. For the sake of clarity, Dr. Goldman has purposefully avoided controversial theoretical discussions. For example, he emphasizes the unitarian concept of accelerated conduction and atrial arrhythmias as the theories most widely accepted today. Emphasis also has been placed on the unipolar leads; there is, however, an introductory section on vector cardiography as well. Other
TL;DR: TENS seems to be a safe additional treatment in patients with unstable angina pectoris and may reduce the number of ischemic events, by mechanisms apparently unrelated to the reduction of pain.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Silent ischemia is a strong predictor of unfavorable outcome in unstable angina pectoris. Dynamic continuous vector cardiography provides online detection of ischemic episodes. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been reported to have antianginal effects in patients with severe coronary artery disease and this is associated with a reduction in myocardial ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the applicability of TENS in patients with unstable angina in the coronary care unit and the effects on vector cardiographic and biochemical markers of ischemia. METHODS Thirty patients (14 in the TENS group and 16 in a placebo group) were included in a single-blind, placebo-controlled study after being admitted to the coronary care unit. Continuous vector cardiography, leakage of cardiac enzymes and consumption of analgesics were recorded for 24 h. RESULTS TENS was well tolerated and did not interfere with standard treatment, although vectorcardiographic recording during actual stimulation was disturbed. There was a reduction in the number of silent ischemic ST change vector magnitude episodes (P = 0.02) and their duration (P = 0.01) in the TENS-treated group, and a nonsignificant reduction in the total number of ST change vector magnitude (painful plus silent) episodes (P = 0.09) and their duration (P = 0.05) and in leakage of cardiac enzymes (P = 0.12). There were no detectable differences in terms of episodes of pain leading to stimulation or consumption of analgesics. CONCLUSIONS TENS seems to be a safe additional treatment in unstable angina pectoris and may reduce the number of ischemic events, by mechanisms apparently unrelated to the reduction of pain.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derive various results for the uniform distribution on a Stiefel manifold and propose a test of uniformity, which is a generalization of the test presented in this paper.
TL;DR: The present study suggests that myocardial ischaemia will influence the QRS complex as well as the ST segment, and dynamic vectorcardiography offers the opportunity to monitor all parts of the QRST complex in real time.