Showing papers on "Vascular bundle published in 2006"
Book•
25 Jul 2006TL;DR: The Evolution of Plant Stems in the Earth's History and the Evolution of a Stabilizaton System are reviewed.
Abstract: Introduction1 1 The Evolution of Plant Stems in the Earth's History The Landscape in the Paleozoic Plant Body of Vascular Plants The Evolution of a Stabilizaton System The Contemporary Fossil Psilotum Nudum? Diversification of Plants Containing Tracheids The Lycopods The Horsetails The Fossil and Living Ferns Contemporary Ferns Trees Grow Taller and Bigger Successful Seed Plants with Naked Seeds Ginkgos and Cycads Gnetophytes (Ephedra, Gnetum and Welwitschia) The Most Successful Seed Plants with Naked Seeds: Conifers Successful Plants with Seeds Enclosed in a Carpel: Angiospermae 2 The Structure of the Plant Body Life Forms in Different Vegetation Zones Principal Growth Forms Principal Construction of Roots and Shoots Principal Construction of the Xylem and Phloem Cell Types, Cell Walls and Cell Contents 3 Secondary Growth: Advantages and Risks Primary and Secondary Growth Principle Structure of Plants with Secondary Growth Physiological and Ontogenetic Ageing The Risks of Water Transport: Stabilized and Permeable Cell Walls The Risks of Stem Thickening: Dilatation and Phellem Formation The Risks of Over-Production: Programmed Cell Death The Risks of Instability: Eccentricity Reaction Wood Formation of Lignin and Thick Cell Walls Internal Optimization The Risk of Decomposition: Natural Boundaries and Protection Systems Defence Barriers around Wounds The Risk of Shedding Plant Parts: Abscission 4 Modification of the Stem Structure The Primary Stage of Growth: The Construction of Vascular Bundles TheArrangement of Vascular Bundles in Mosses, Lycopods and Ferns The Arrangement of Vascular Bundles in Conifer and Dicotyledonous Plant Shoots The Secondary Stage of Growth: Conifer Xylem The Xylem of Dicotyledonous Angiosperms The Primary and Secondary Stages of Growth of Monocotyledons: Macroscopic View Microscopic View The Secondary Stage of Growth: Conifer Phloem The Phloem of Dicotyledonous Angiosperms Cambial Growth Variants and Successive Cambia The Third Stage of Growth: The Periderm 5 Modification of the Xylem within a Plant Modification of the Xylem within a Plant Conifer: Root, Twig and Stem Deciduous Tree: Root, Twig and Stem From Root to Stem Structure Modification by Aging: Changing Growth Forms Changing Growth and Leaf Forms Changing Wood Anatomical Structures Change of Phloem and Periderm Structures 6 Modification of the Xylem and Phloem by Ecological Factors Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations, Phenolic and Crystal Deposits Intra-Annual Cell Collapse, Callous Tissue and Ducts Interannual Variation of Latewood Zones Long Term Variations: Sudden Growth Changes Inter- and Intra-Annual Variations of the Phloem 7 Modification of Organs Modification of Shoots: Long and Short Shoots Shedding Needles, Male and Female Flowers Thorns and Spines Vertical, Horizontal and Drooping Twigs Latent and Adventitious Shoots The Lateral Modification of Stems 8 Anatomical Plasticity Wood Structural Variability In Different Families In Different Growth Forms Under Different Site Conditions Modification Caused by Different Shoot and Root Function
218 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that light acclimation to high light in maize is tightly coordinated adjustment of light reaction components/activity in both mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts, concerned with balancing light utilization and level of the content of LHC complexes differently in both types of chloroplast.
57 citations
TL;DR: Patent pedicles, bFGF, large pore size, and larger-volume chambers all seemed to contribute to increased tissue growth in this model, and the tissue is stable long term.
Abstract: Background:The authors previously described induction of spontaneous tissue generation by implanting a collagen matrix and a ligated pedicle (arteriovenous bundle) into a hollow porous chamber in vivo in the rabbit. They hypothesized that increased tissue volume could be obtained by the application
44 citations
TL;DR: Representative PEP-CK species from two subfamilies of polyphyletic origin have very similar biochemistry, compartmentation and chloroplast grana structure.
38 citations
TL;DR: This work has dealt with the structural diagnosis of the leaf and stem of Camellia sinensis, a shrub or small tree, of Asian origin and commonly called Chinese tea, green tea or black tea, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and hepatic protective activities.
Abstract: Camellia sinensis is a shrub or small tree, of Asian origin and commonly called Chinese tea, green tea or black tea. This species has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and hepatic protective activities. Its trade is relevant, either as pharmacognostic drug or raw material in food industry. This work has dealt with the structural diagnosis of the leaf and stem, in order to contribute to its quality control. Samples of the botanical material were fixed, sectioned and stained with astra blue and basic fuchsine. Microchemical tests were also conducted. The leaf has anomocytic stomata on the abaxial side, unicellular non-glandular trichomes on both surfaces, dorsiventral mesophyll, calcium oxalate druses, biconvex midrib and plain-convex petiole, both traversed by a collateral vascular bundle. The stem, on the level analysed, shows uniseriate epidermis, sub-epidermal layer of dehydrated cells, sclerenchymatic sheath, strand of cells with U-thickened walls, collateral vascular organization and pith consisting of parenchymatic and sclerenchymatic cells. Sclereids are found in the leaf and stem.
34 citations
TL;DR: SEM revealed that the epidermal cells of the pinnae were elongated with raised periclinal and sinuous anticlinal walls, which is essential to studies examining the issue of whether morphological characteristics are related to arsenic hyperaccumulation in P. vittata.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe a wide spectrum of surface structural and anatomical details of the Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM revealed that the epidermal cells of the pinnae were elongated with raised periclinal and sinuous anticlinal walls. The pinnae were hypostomatous with randomly scattered anomocytic stomatal complexes positioned at the same level as the epidermis. Stomates were large and elliptical (27.4 μm × 10.2 μm). Cross sections from the central regions of the rachis and the stipe revealed V- and U-shaped vascular bundles, respectively. In each vascular bundle, the xylem strands were sea-horse shaped (hippocampus). In contrast, the pinnae possessed a triangular vascular bundle with uniform mesophyll organization comprising of homogenous lobed parenchyma cells. The indumentum consisted of trichomes and scales, which formed various types of vestiture. Trichomes were borne only on the pinnae and scales on the rachis and stipe. The roots developed a dense network of long root hairs averaging 244 μm long, and the xylem consisted of tracheids with scalariform pitting. Sori were submarginal; continuous along both margins of the pinna and were covered with a false indusium. The sporangia were oblong with a short thick stalk and the annulus was positioned vertically resulting in transverse dehiscence of the sporangium. The paraphyses were uniseriate, unbranched, septate and found to be intermixed with the sporangia. The exine of the globose spores was adorned with thick reticulum in which the areoles contained round tubercles. This study describes surface features in detail, which is essential to studies examining the issue of whether morphological characteristics are related to arsenic hyperaccumulation inP. vittata.
31 citations
TL;DR: The establishment of the cambial variant and the development of the stem of Serjania corrugata Radlk was analyzed and it was found that the adult stem is quite similar to that previously described in S. elegans Cambess.
Abstract: The establishment of the cambial variant and the development of the stem of Serjania corrugata Radlk. (Sapindaceae) was analyzed. In the early stages of development, the stem is lobed, with five lobes and five furrows in cross section. Around the fourth internode, each lobe has a vascular arc with one or two more developed central vascular bundles, two lateral bundles and phloem in the interfascicular regions. Procambial strands are also found in perimedullary position, producing only phloem elements. At this stage, the beginning of the cambial activity can be seen in the central vascular bundle in each lobe. This activity then extends to the lateral vascular bundles and to the perimedullary phloem. Parenchymatic cells, located between the vascular ring of the lobe and the perimedullary phloem, dedifferentiate and initiate meristematic activity, uniting these two regions. The development of xylem masses (one in each lobe) that characterizes the adult stem results from this cambial activity. The development of the cambial variant in S. corrugata is quite similar to that previously described in S. elegans Cambess.
29 citations
TL;DR: The suppression mechanism of granal development in BSC chloroplasts of maize is influenced by salinity, and the maximal quantum yield, effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) and PSII-driven electron transport rate (ETR) decreased with the increase of salinity stress.
Abstract: Zea mays is an NADP-malic enzyme (ME)-type C4 plant. The C4 plants of this type are attractive species for ultrastructural and physiological studies because they possess reduced grana in bundle she...
28 citations
TL;DR: The adaptation of common reed, a hydrophytic species, to saline or drought-prone dunes triggers changes in the anatomical and chemical characteristics of the foliar vascular bundle tissues, which could contribute to the high resistance of reeds to extreme habitats such as saline and drought- prone dunes.
28 citations
TL;DR: The vegetative and reproductive morphologies associate to the anatomy of mesophyll and vascular system constitute a set of characters distinctive for this species.
Abstract: This work constitutes a pharmacobotanical study of Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K. Schum., a species used in folk medicine for rheumatic pains in Northeastern Brazil. The botanical identification and macroscopical morphodiagnosis were carried out by morphological studies. The microscopical morphodiagnosis were realized byparadermic and transversal cuts of the leaves (blades and petiole) and stained with safranin or mixture of safranin and astrablue. The blade leaf is subcoriaceous and oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, densely tomentose in the abaxial surface. T. formosa has hypostomatic leaves with stomata of the paracitic type; unisseriate epidermis with polygonal cells; the mesophyll is dorsiventral and the parenchyma palisade has sparse idioblasts crystallifer, isolated or paired; trichomes simple were evident in the epidermis of both faces. The vascular system was formed by two accessories bundles in the adaxial surface and by one central vascular bundle in arc with invaginate extremities on the proximal portion of petiole, and in shape of "V-closed" on distal portion of the petiole and main vein. The vegetative and reproductive morphologies associate to the anatomy of mesophyll and vascular system constitute a set of characters distinctive for this species.
25 citations
TL;DR: Primary growth in the stem of Dolichos lablab is achieved by the formation of eccentric successive rings of vascular bundles, which are uni-multiseriate in the region of cambium that produces xylem and phloem derivatives and axial parenchyma embedded deep inside the Xylem acquires meristematic activity.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the substrates for LEDR in C4 plants are generated during a period of illumination not only via the Calvin cycle reactions, but also by the conversion of endogenous compounds present in leaf cells.
TL;DR: Mg deficiency played a key role in the development of anomalous vascular bundles under light, and appears to explain the transient changes in sieve cell structure under shade, and was confirmed in a long-term ozone exposure experiment with young clonal spruce growing under defined conditions.
TL;DR: The quantitative structural characters allowed the differentiation of these aquatic weed species during the vegetative period of these hydroelectric power dams in Brazil.
Abstract: Some aquatic plant species have caused great damage to hydroelectric power dams in Brazil, due to their great capacity of reproduction. Nineteen quantitative structural characters of leaf blades were used to differentiate Brachiaria mutica, Brachiaria subquadripara, Panicum repens, Eichhornia crassipes, Heteranthera reniformis, Typha subulata, and Enhydra anagallis. Leaf blade samples were collected, fixed in FAA 50, infiltrated in glycol metacrylate resin, cut transversally with 8 mm thickness, and stained with toluidine blue. Structural characters in vein and internerval regions were quantitatively evaluated (%) for adaxial and abaxial epidermis, vascular bundle, vascular bundle sheath, esclerenchyma, parenchyma, and spongy aerenchyma. Leaf thickness, stomata and trichome number were determined at the internerval region. The quantitative structural characters of the leaf were submitted to Clusters Analysis and Principal Components Analysis. Three groups were formed according to similarity levels: group 1 - B. mutica, B. subquadripara, and P. repens (Poaceae); group 2 - E. crassipes and H. reniformis (Pontederiaceae), and E. anagallis (Asteraceae); group 3 - only for T. subulata (Typhaceae). The structural characters with high discriminatory degree were: adaxial epidermis (internerval region); abaxial epidermis, vascular bundle, vascular bundle sheath, esclerenchyma and spongy aerenchyma (middle vein and internerval region); leaf thickness; and stomata number. The quantitative structural characters allowed the differentiation of these aquatic weed species during the vegetative period.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Many characters of foliar anatomy have a lot in common in the genus Lycoris, but there are some differences among species, which can provide valuable information for studies on interspecific relationship and further utilization.
Abstract: The comparative anatomy of the leaves of 12 species in Lycoris was studied.The results are as follows:(1)The shape of these foliar transection in Lycoris is basically shallow “W” or “V”,and there are many spiny papillae on epidermal cells of some species;(2)All these species possess dorsi-ventral leaves.The mesophyll is differentiated into the palisade parenchyma and the spongy parenchyma,many differences between both of them,such as the thickness of the palisade parenchyma and the spongy parenchyma,the proportion of them and even the cell layers of palisade parenchyma,are occured among species;(3)The spongy parenchyma is developed and possesses abundant big parenchymatous cells or hollow cavities (secretory canals or air cavities);(4)The number of the vascular bundle is usually odd,and the vascular bundle sheath is composed of parenchyma cells;(5)The shape of leaf margin in transverse section can be divided into arcuate and cuneate.Many characters of foliar anatomy have a lot in common in the genus Lycoris,but there are some differences among species,which can provide valuable information for studies on interspecific relationship and further utilization.
Patent•
19 Jul 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a heat-insulation and moisture-absorption/release sheet is manufactured by shaping vascular bundle sheaths obtained from digested bamboo, and the manufacturing process includes a step to digest bamboo with water, another step to crush the digested bamboos and obtain the vascular bundles, and a third step to obtain fibers from the vascular bundle bundles.
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a heat-insulation and moisture-absorption/release sheet formed of bamboo vascular bundle sheaths. SOLUTION: The heat-insulation and moisture-absorption/release sheet is manufactured by shaping vascular bundle sheaths obtained from digested bamboo. The manufacturing process includes a step to digest bamboo with water, a step to crush the digested bamboo and obtain the vascular bundle sheaths and a step to obtain fibers from the vascular bundle sheaths. COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
1 Jan 2006
TL;DR: The morphological characters of the leaf and stem of Calea longifolia are analysed in order to contribute for the species identification.
Abstract: SUMMARY. “Anatomy of leave and stem of Calea longifolia(Asteraceae)”. Several species of CaleaL. have been showed medicinal properties. Chemical studies have been confirmed the presence of biologically activity compounds in the taxa, although, few works focused the morphological aspects. This work aimed to analyse the morphological characters of the leaf and stem of Calea longifolia,in order to contribute for the species identification. The botanical material was prepared according to usual light and scanning microtechniques. The blade has uniseriate epidermis coated with thin and striate cuticle. Crypts, where anomocytic stomata and glandular trichomes occurs, are seen on the abaxial surface. Glandular trichomes are pluricellular and uniseriate, with 4-5 celled pedicel, or still, capitated. The mesophyll is isobilateral and the midrib is biconvex and traversed by a collateral vascular bundle. The stem shows circular transection and uniseriate epidermis, with pluricellular and acute non-glandular trichomes. Adjacent to the epidermis, lamelar chlorenchyma occurs. More internally, collenchyma becames lacunate. Radially elongated cells are observed in the cortex, perivascular fibres adjoin the to phloem, the cambial zone is evident and the pith consists of parenchymatic cells. The stem is fistulous. Secretory ducts are associated with the vascular system of the leaf and stem.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: expression of an Arabidopsis thaliana ADF4 gene in tobacco resulted in morphological change of plants, and the hypocotyls of transgenic plants were wavy, especially in darkness, whereas those of the control were straight.
Abstract: The actin-depolymerizing factor 4 gene (ADF4) of Arabidopsis thaliana was cloned and sequenced (Figs.1, 2). The plant expression vector with ADF4 was constructed and transformed into tobacco by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Molecular identification showed that the ADF4 gene was integrated into the genome of tobacco and expressed in transgenic tobaccos assayed by PCR and RT-PCR (Fig.3). Expression of an Arabidopsis thaliana ADF4 gene in tobacco resulted in morphological change of plants. The effects of ADF4 on transgenic tobaccos growth were as follows: the hypocotyls of transgenic plants were wavy, especially in darkness, whereas those of the control were straight (Fig.4A); the root hairs of transgenic plants were less than the control, and they were also wavy (Fig.4B); the parenchyma cells of transgenic plants were larger than the control and the arrangement of vascular bundle was out of order (Fig.4C); the flowering time of T(2) line was at least 7 days later than the control; the pollen tubes of transgenic plants were shorter than those of the control (Fig.4D).
1 Jan 2006
TL;DR: More number and larger area of stomata in leaves and more developed vascular bundles in culms of C4 transgenic rice lines, all these structure characteristics were the basis of its photosynthesizing highly and efficiently, and closely associated with the greater dry matter accumulation of seedlings.
Abstract: 【Objective】The aim of this study is to discover the biological structure basis of transgenic rice expressing C4 photosynthesis enzymes and photosynthesizing highly and efficiently.【Method】Using four transgenic rice lines over-expressing maize photosynthesis enzymes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC),pyruvate,othophosphate dikinase(PPDK),PEPC + PPDK,and rice nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malic enzyme(NADP-ME)as materials,and an untransformed wild type Kitaake as the control,the structures of stomata in leaves and vascular bundles in culms of the seedlings were observed with a scanning electron microscope and mesophyll cells were observed with a transmission electron microscope.【Result】 Compared with the control,the density and the area of the stomata in leaves of the transgenic rice lines were greater,with the PPDK line greatest among the four lines.The density of stomata in the leaves of transgenic rice with two polymerizing genes(PEPC + PPDK)was increased,but the area of stomata was reduced.The stacking degree of chloroplast thylakoids in mesophyll cells was denser,and some thylakoids were arranged more orderly along the long axis of chloroplast for the transgenic rice lines than those for the WT.The transgenic rice lines exhibited thicker and stronger culms as compared to WT.Except for PPDK,all the transgenic rice lines had larger areas of the tissue structure performing substance-transporting function,such as the outer and inner vascular bundles and their catheter and sieve tubes in culms,as compared with WT.【Conclusion】 More number and larger area of stomata in leaves and more developed vascular bundles in culms of C4 transgenic rice lines,all these structure characteristics were the basis of its,photosynthesizing highly and efficiently,and closely associated with the greater dry matter accumulation of seedlings.
1 Jun 2006
TL;DR: Rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceum L.) rapidly lose visual quality due to rapid desiccation and browning of the spinterns, and to understand the cause of spintern browning, anatomy of the fruit pericarp was studied.
Abstract: Rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceum L.) rapidly lose visual quality due to rapid desiccation and browning of the spinterns. To understand the cause of spintern browning, anatomy of the fruit pericarp was studied. Rambutan cv. 'Rongrien' was selected for this experiment, because of its wide production and also high export value. Anatomy of the fruit pericarp was observed with a light microscope. 15-20 groups of vascular bundles consisting of xylem, phloem and their associated parenchyma tissue were scattered in the spinterns. The vascular bundles in both spinterns and peel were connected. Furthermore, the vascular bundles were also found in tissue below the peel surface closest to the edible portion, the fresh aril. It is proposed that water moves from the peel to the base of the spinterns base and then to the tips of the spinterns. Water is transpired via the stomata located on the skin and spinterns at rates that are influenced by the density of stomata as shown by Yingsanga et al. (2006).
TL;DR: The extent of ultrastructure disturbances depended on toxin concentration and it was greater in the susceptible cultivar Pavla, and the higher toxin concentration sporadically induced severe damage to the outer chloroplast membrane.
Abstract: The possible role of fusariotoxin-fusaproliferin in Fusarium disease was investigated with respect to ultrastructure responses in the cells of maize leaves. The seedlings of resistant (Lucia) and susceptible (Pavla) maize cultivars were grown on two fusaproliferin concentrations (5 and 35 µg/mL −1 ). Only the higher concentration caused appearance of visible symptoms on the leaves. Structural changes of chloroplasts such as dilatation of grana thylakoids in the mesophyll chloroplasts, thylakoid disorganization, and an increased number of osmiophilic globules (plastoglobuli) in the stroma were observed in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of both cultivars. The higher toxin concentration sporadically induced severe damage to the outer chloroplast membrane. The extent of ultrastructure disturbances depended on toxin concentration and it was greater in the susceptible cultivar Pavla. Fusaproliferin may be involved in Fusarium pathogenesis as a virulence factor or, by enhancing activity of some other t...
1 Jan 2006
TL;DR: The anatomical changes in stem, petiole and different leaves of urdbean leaf crinkle infected plant parts were highly conspicuous and were increase in number of layers and size of parenchyma cells and epidermal cells.
Abstract: The anatomical changes in stem, petiole and different leaves of urdbean leaf crinkle infected plant parts were highly conspicuous and were increase in number of layers and size of parenchyma cells and epidermal cells. The transverse section of infected stem of urdbean showed well developed cortex layer which was three times thicker than that of healthy leaf. The epidermal cells of infected tissue were significantly bigger than in healthy leaf. The number of vascular bundles increased in infected stem. The number of rows of xylem vessels and number of vessels per row were almost double in infected stem. The diameter of xylem vessels (metaxylem and protoxylem) increased significantly over healthy vessels. There was significant increase in number of layers of parenchyma cells and cambial cells and diameter of phloem parenchyma in diseased plant compared to healthy stem.
1 Jan 2006
TL;DR: According to their anatomical features the vegetative organs of H.thibetanus were basically the same as those of other Ranunculaceae plants, but in them the vascular bundles did not appear arranged in a V-shape, and the vascular bundle sheath did appeared clearly differentiated.
Abstract: The vegetative organ structures of Helleborus thibetanus Franch.were observed by anatomical method,which showed that the primary structure of H.thibetanus roots fell into the categories of triarch,tetrarch and hexarch.In the vegetative organs the vascular bundles showed the xylem whose vessels were arranged in V-shape on their cross-sections;the secondary structure of the rhizomes was composed of epidermis,cortex,vascular cylinder and well-developed pith ray from outer to inner.In the primary structure of the stem multiple vascular bundles were annularly arranged and the vascular bundle sheath were not clearly differentiated and the nodes were unilacunar and composed of tree leaf traces that were separately from three vascular bundles or from same individual vascular bundles.The leaves were dorsi-ventral leaves with irregularly shaped epidermal cells and there were stomata only on their underside,which were irregular stomata typical of Ranunculaceae.According to their anatomical features the vegetative organs of H.thibetanus were basically the same as those of other Ranunculaceae plants,but in them the vascular bundles did not appear arranged in a V-shape,the vascular bundle sheath did appeared clearly differentiated and the nodes differed from those in the vegetative organs of other Ranunculaceae plants in such characters as singular leaf gap.
TL;DR: It is indicated that some of the sucrose in the fruit came directly through the phloem at an early stage of fruit development, not through the synthesis of glucose and fructose, suggesting that Fruit vascular may be the part where sucrose first metabolized after it entered the fruit.
Dissertation•
1 Mar 2006
TL;DR: The objective of this study is to characterize morpho-anatomically the vegetative organs of three populations of F. arenicola, P1, P2 and PNE, which are endemic of Brazilian Cerrado and has unique features that are not found in the sub-family Bambusoideae such as parenchyma rachymorphous and primary thickening meristem.
Abstract: The genus Filgueirasia (McClure) Guala belongs to the sub-family Bambusoideae is composed of two species, Filgueirasia arenicola (McClure) Guala, and Filgueirasia cannavieira (Alvaro da Silveira) Guala, which are endemic of Brazilian Cerrado. The objective of this study is to characterize morpho-anatomically the vegetative organs of three populations of F. arenicola, P1, P2, collected along the highway-364 (BR-364), between the cities of Jatai and Mineiros, and the PNE was collected in the Parque Nacional das Emas. For the morphometric study 17 characteristics were analyzed from 30 colleted samples. The samples were processed for anatomical analysis according to the usual microtechniques, and sectioned in several planes. The morphometric measurements of the PNE samples (10 out pf 17 parameters) were higher than those from P1 and P2. Furthermore, PNE individuals were significantly taller, as well as larger 1st branches, diameter of the internodes, and diameter of the pith. The cluster analysis grouped the parameters in three clusters. The first had the largest number of observations comprising the characters above and below the first branch, length of the internode above and below the first branch, diameter of the internode above and below the first branch, diameter of insertion of the node, diameter of the node above and below the first branch, diameter of the pith and thickness of the cortex comprised the major part of the measurements (49) and represented 54.44 % of the total observations. In transverse section, the most important anatomical characters of the leaf blade and sheath can be summarized as following: prickles and hooks in both epidermis, micro-trichomes on the adaxial face, nodular square silica cells and parenchyma rachymorphous. The culm was characterized by the presence of rachymorphous cells, hollow pith, inner vascular type, type I vascular bundles (sub-type Ib) and one-directional phloem. The root had root-hairs in right angle to the epidermis, exodermis, triangular intercellular space, lysigenous air cavities in the cortex, endodermis with U-shaped thickness, uniseriate pericycle, and phloem dispersed in the stele. The rhizome had trichomes, parenchymatous cortex, and endodermis. The rhizome stele was composed of a primary thickening meristem (PTM) formed by the pericycle, pericycle fibers, randomly arrangement primary vascular bundles of variable shape, well developed phloem elements in several orientations, parenchyma, and anular and helicoidal vessel elements. Hence, F. Arenicola has unique features that are not found in the sub-family Bambusoideae such as parenchyma rachymorphous and primary thickening meristem. Additionally, prickles and hooks in both leaf surface, microtrichomes in the adaxial epidermis and new types of siliceous cells (square and nodular) in the leaf blade had not yet been described for this the species.%%%%O genero Filgueirasia (McClure) Guala pertencente a subfamilia Bambusoideae (Arthrostylidiinae) possui duas especies, Filgueirasia arenicola (McClure) Guala e…
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In the grafted cactus, ruby ball, results indicated that graft-take was not related to vascular bundle size of scion and stock, but vascular Bundle size of stock significantly affected the graft- take percentage.
Abstract: In the grafted cactus, ruby ball (Gymnocalycium mihanovichii var. friedrichii, cv. Seolhong), the size of the vascular bundles of a scion and stock influenced the grafting rate and growth after grafting. The scions of three diameter sizes (1.56, 2.10, and 3.83 ㎜) and the stocks of three diameter sizes (1.66, 2.48, and 3.94 ㎜) were treated as experimental materials for cross grafting. The diameter of grafted scions had increased until 60 days after grafting, but there were no significant differences among the treatments. Vascular bundle size of stock primarily affected the rooting of the grafted plants regardless of scion size. Graft-take percentage of all treatments was generally higher than 96% at 90 days after grafting. These results indicated that graft-take was not related to vascular bundle size of scion and stock, but vascular bundle size of stock significantly affected the graft-take percentage. Chlorophyll contents of scion were highest in the combination of the smallest stocks and scions and lowest in the largest stocks 20 days after grafting. The biomass of the grafted plants was positively accumulated in the combination of the stocks and the scions in bigger sizes.
1 Jan 2006
TL;DR: Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were adopted to systematically examine of the morphologies and anatomies of the roots rhizomes, stipe, rachis, leaf epidermis,trichomes, and sporangia of seven species of two Athyriaceae genera, showing that athyriacea is a natural group and support that AthyRIopsis is an independent genus.
Abstract: Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were adopted to systematically examine of the morphologies and anatomies of the roots rhizomes,stipe,rachis,leaf epidermis,trichomes,and sporangia of seven species of two Athyriaceae genera(Athyrium Roth.and Athyriopsis Ching).The results showed that the common features of the plants of the genera are that they have pithless steles in their roots,the U-or V-shaped vascular bundles in their stipe ich gradually combine into amphicribral vascular bundles upwards,the upper and lower epidermises with wavy anticlinal wall in the upper and lower epidermises of their leaves,and actinocytic,anomocytic and polocytic stomata in their leaves.The plants of the two genera differ in that Athyrium plants do not have trichomes and Athyriopsis plants have glandular hairs on their leaves and rachises;Athyrium plants have parenchyma in outer cortex of their roots and Athyriopsis plants have brown scelerenchyma.So these indicate athyriacea is a natural group and support that Athyriopsis is an independent genus.
TL;DR: It is suggested that in BS chloroplasts of maize, PSII complex is assembled typically for the agranal membranes and is able to perform very limited electron transport activity, which suggests the role of PSII for poising the redox state of PSI.
TL;DR: Results indicate that the expression of these photosynthesis-related genes is developmentally regulated and becomes mesophyll-specific in mature leaves.
Abstract: The expression of photosynthesis-related genes, rbcS (small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) and cab (light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein), in emerging rice leaves was examined. We performed in situ hybridization to visualize the spatial expression pattern of the photosynthesis-related genes. In the basal region of the leaf blade, which is the youngest region in a leaf blade of monocotyledonous plants, the expression of the genes was observed in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells, while in the older middle and the oldest tip regions, the expression was only observed in mesophyll cells and not in bundle sheath cells. These results indicate that the expression of these photosynthesis-related genes is developmentally regulated and becomes mesophyll-specific in mature leaves. The expression of the photosynthesis-related genes in the lamina joint was also examined. These genes were not expressed in the lamina joint of immature leaves nor in the mature leaves. Therefore, the lamina joint was considered to be a photosynthetically inactive region.
TL;DR: The present study provides anatomical evidence for the existence of Casparian bands in both the mesocotyl and lower internodes of rice seedlings.
Abstract: The mesocotyl and lower internodes of seedlings are underground organs that play a possible role in water absorption and transport. The aim of this study is to reexamine and understand further the anatomy and morphology of mesocotyls and lower internodes in rice, especially in terms of the existence of Casparian bands. Anatomical structures of mesocotyl and lower internodes tissue of rice seedlings were observed by light and fluorescence microscopy. The rice mesocotyl had two central cylinders, one is large and the other small, in the cross section. Casparian bands were observed in both the endodermis and exodermis of the mesocotyl, and also in the endodermis of the first internode. Furthermore, some bundles with intermediate xylem differentiation were observed between the exarch and endarch arrangement in the first internodes. Casparian bands were identified in the radial walls of cells surrounding each of these bundles. The second internode is quite similar to that of upper internodes in adult plants with respect to internal structure; scattered vascular bundles were seen as in monocotyledons. In the second internode, Casparian bands were seen in the radial cell walls of the bundle sheaths in each vascular bundle. Unlike the mesocotyl, Casparian bands were not observed in the hypodermis of the first or second internodes. The results show that the histological features of the mesocotyl and lower internodes of rice seedlings widely differed. In addition, the present study provides anatomical evidence for the existence of Casparian bands in both the mesocotyl and lower internodes of rice seedlings.