Urticaceae

Abstract: To address the composition of the urticalean rosids, the relationships of the component families (maximally Cannabaceae, Cecropiaceae, Celtidaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae, and Urticaceae) and analyze evolution of morphological characters, we analyzed sequence variation for a large sampling of these families and various rosid outgroups using rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF plastid regions. Urticalean rosids are derived out of a lineage including Barbeyaceae, Dirachmaceae, Elaeagnaceae, and Rhamnaceae, with Rosaceae less closely related; thus, they are imbedded within Rosales. Ulmaceae are the sister to all remaining families. Cannabaceae are derived out of a subclade of Celtidaceae; this expanded family should be called Cannabaceae. Cecropiaceae are derived within Urticaceae and are polyphyletic with Poikilospermum derived elsewhere within Urticaceae; this expanded family should be called Urticaceae. Monophyletic Moraceae are sister to this expanded Urticaceae. Support for these relationships comes from a number of morphological characters (floral sexuality, presence or absence of hypanthium, stamen type and dehiscence, pollen pore number, ovule position, and embryo alignment) and chromosome numbers. Most fruit types, in terms of ecological dispersal, are derived independently multiple times and are strongly correlated with habitat.

Abstract: About This Book How to Identify a Weed Shortcut IdentificationTables Vegetative Key to the Weeds Spore Producers Bryophyta Equisetaceae (Horsetail Family) Monocots Commelinaceae (Spiderwort Family) Cyperaceae (Sedge Family) Juncaceae (Rush Family) Liliaceae (Lily Family) Poaceae = Gramineae (Grass Family) Dicots Aizoaceae (Carpetweed Family) Amaranthaceae (Amaranth Family) Apiaceae = Umbelliferae (Carrot Family) Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed Family) Asteraceae = Compositae (Aster Family) Brassicaceae = Cruciferae (Mustard Family) Campanuaceae (Bellflower Family) Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family) Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot Family) Convolvulaceae (Morningglory Family) Cucurbitaceae (Gourd Family) Dipsacaceae (Teasel Family) Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) Fabaceae = Leguminosae (Pea or Bean Family) Geraniaceae (Geranium Family) Lamiaceae = Labiatae (Mint Family) Lythraceae (Loosestrife Family) Malvaceae (Mallow Family) Onagraceae (Eveningprimrose Family) Oxalidaceae (Woodsorrel Family) Phytolaccaceae (Pokeweed Family) Plantaginaceae (Plantain Family) Polygonaceae (Smartweed Family) Portulacaceae (Purslane Family) Primulaceae (Primrose Family) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Rosaceae (Rose Family) Rubiaceae (Madder Family) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Solanaceae (Nightshade Family) Urticaceae (Nettle Family) Violaceae (Violet Family) Woody Plants Anacardiaceae (Cashew Family) Bignoniaceae (Trumpetcreeper Family) Caprlfoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Celastraceae (Stafftree Family) Liliaceae (Lily Family) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Rosaceae (Rose Family) Simaroubaceae (Quassia Family) Solanaceae (Nightshade Family) Vitaceae (Grape Family) Hardwood Seedlings Comparison Tables Glossary Bibliography Index About the Authors

Abstract: Nettles (genus Urtica, family Urticaceae) are of considerable interest as preservatives in foods for both human and animal consumption. They have also been used for centuries in traditional medicine. This paper reviews the properties of nettles that make them suitable for wider applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Nettles contain a significant number of biologically-active compounds. For example, the leaves are rich sources of terpenoids, carotenoids and fatty acids, as well as of various essential amino acids, chlorophyll, vitamins, tannins, carbohydrates, sterols, polysaccharides, isolectins and minerals. Extracts from the aerial parts of nettles are rich sources of polyphenols, while the roots contain oleanol acid, sterols and steryl glycosides. Due to the variety of phytochemicals and their proportions they contain, nettles show noticeable activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These properties make nettles suitable for a range of possible applications, including functional food, dietary supplements and pharmacological formulations. Despite these benefits, the nettle is still an underestimated plant source. This paper provides a unique overview of the latest research on nettle plants focusing on the possibilities for transforming a common weed into a commercial plant with a wide range of applications. Special attention is paid to the antimicrobial activity of the active compounds in nettles and to possible uses of these valuable plants in food and feed formulations.

Abstract: In this work we establish theoretical daily pollen variation grains for the 24 taxa most frequently occurring in the atmosphere of Cordoba (Spain) during three consecutive years, namely Alnus glutinosa, Broussonetia papyrifera, Casuarina equisetifolia, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cupressaceae, Cyperaceae, Ericaceae, Fraxinus, Gramineae, Mercurialis, Morus, Myrtaceae, Olea europaea, Palmae, Pinaceae, Pistacia, Plantago, Platanus hybrida, Populus, Quercus, Rumex, Typha domingensis, Ulmus minor and Urticaceae. Sampling was carried out using a Burkard spore-trap and the data collected were used to establish theoretical patterns of daily variation represented by an ideal day with accounts for the daily behaviour of each taxon. The application of centred-data analysis (CDA) allowed two groups of taxa to be established, namely (a) those with a homogeneous variation pattern and small differences between the times of maximum and minimum occurrence, and (b) those with a heterogeneous variation pattern a...